Two Heads Are Better Than One

Societies are likely to decline due to corruption, in the passage we read â€Å"the soldiers got restless and only the rich could afford to raise an army to fight on Romeos behalf† Here we can notice that, because of corruption which resulted on the lack of funds the government could no longer provide protection for Rome. Therefore the richer members of society used their own funds to pay for the country's army. The government failed to deliver services in a good quality that was expected.The quality of life deteriorates and people tend to develop a mentality of the survival of the fittest. 2. The effective way of fighting corruption is by; 3. 1 Teaching morality at home as well as at school and churches, especially to the young children since they are the future leaders. If moral values are emphasized from a younger age the future generation will have better morals 3. 2 Introduction of a regular form of auditing for the government departments at least on a monthly basis. 3. I ntroducing nongovernmental charity organizations to Andre some of the public funds 3. 4 Increase the awareness programmer regarding corruption, make the community take a stand and report any non- conformance's from the government officials. 3. The reasons why successful societies are the least corrupt, is because of satisfaction In most of the needs. There Is no reason for any corruption at all; the rate of employment is high when compared to unemployment. People develop in terms of entrepreneurship which results In Job creation opportunities.Proper education Is guaranteed, people are tolerant and humanity is maintained. 4. The social indicators which demonstrate that the society is well run may Include the following; Good Infrastructure-the public funds are used in a proper way and the government is able to provide services such as rail, roads, ports and social grant for senior citizens. Proper housing Is provided by the government for the people who are unable to buy their own hou ses. Unemployment rate Is very low as well as the crime rate Is low, education Is improved and the public funds are not misused.Section B Tenderheartedness Private use of public property and funds Favoritism Bribery Nepotism Societal corruption BEE Fronting Failed society Figurer . (Different forms of corruption) In this article we are going to discuss the ways in which corruption cripples the development of society, what are the different forms of corruption as well as causes and consequences of this corruption as illustrated on figure 1 above.We will further discuss the possible measures which can be utilized in order to eradicate this disease which has become a barrier for the societal development. 2. WHY DO WE HAVE CORRUPTION IN SOCIETY? 3. 1 Greed Power hungry politicians are the greediest ones and are likely to be vulnerable when it comes to corruption. It is not the whole government that is corrupt; it is the individuals within the structures who got into positions not to del iver the services that have been promised, but to satisfy their own personal needs. . 2 Lack of education People seem to overlook and never notice the misuse of public property and funds due lack of education. The officials may bring documentation for reviews, but since communities lack educated personnel who can interpret the documents, then the name officials can mislead the public into believing whatever they say regarding the public funds. 3. 3 Lack of morals Nowadays people seem to not know now to distinguish between right and wrong, as long as they got what they want that is all that matters.We are moving towards a state whereby corruption is being accepted as a norm. 3. 4 Poverty arty is one of the aspects that contribute towards the acts of corruption in the society. Some people will go an extra mile doing all the wrong things towards the other members of society. A gentleman or a lady may come and tell everyone moieties even use the media for advertising posts for a certain company yet there is no such, but since the society is stricken by poverty nobody will seem to worry about the scam as long as there are Jobs to be offered.At the end of the day they pay some bribery money and that gentleman or lady is gone forever with their money Bribery and how it affect the society Bribery is the act whereby a person offers or request a payment in return for a favor, for example. If person is caught speeding or driving under influence of alcohol or any kind of drugs, either the police officer ask for payment so that he She can let him/her go or the offender may offers to pay the police officer for his/her freedom.The practices like this had made the society to lose their faith on the police department as well as Justice. In some cases we find that people who are not qualified for a particular Job are being hired only because they had paid the recruiter, some company officials may even request for sex in return for a position. The company will end up with the pe ople who are not suitable for the Job and the exults will be very negative, since unqualified personnel will never be productive.If the company is no longer productive there will be a negative impact on the society, because a lot of people may lose their Jobs Just because of bribery. 3 4. 6 Private use of the public funds and property. Private use of the public funds and property has been a serious issue in South Africa, and it has resulted in non delivery of the services which the funds or property were meant for. There are cases whereby people die because they could not get the help room the police, Just because there were no vans at the police station since Mr. so and so had taken his wife to work with the police van.Incidents like these do not promote crime in the society, because the culprits know that the police are not responding to the cases which are being reported. In South Africa, corruption has been taken as a norm and it seems like it is an acceptable practice. It is ev ident that the society is not developing at all, in terms of infrastructure, service delivery as well as housing. We need to teach the value of morale TTY to the young ones who will be our next leaders.

Gifted Children: An Overview

Started in the 1970†³s, America†s Gifted & Talented programs are used to enhance the curriculum of students included in either category in order to challenge and strengthen their unique abilities. These students are usually provided a separate class with specialized lessons in all areas and a teacher with a special degree in gifted education. I feel that it is important that the teacher was a gifted student who would know what the students must face as â€Å"above average† members of their school. The job market for gifted education offers a wide range of opportunity and gifted teachers are needed all over the One of the earliest programs for gifted and talented students was set up in 1974, at The Old Donation Center, in Virginia Beach. Students scoring within the top 3% of students on an assessment test are referred here to be further challenged. These students are considered gifted and have special teachers and classes to promote development of their talents and minds. Programs like this began to pop up around the nation in the 70†³s; however, gifted students were looked down upon by teachers, parents, and peers. Many people considered them to be â€Å"freaks† because they were different. They didn†t understand the implications of the terms â€Å"gifted† and â€Å"talented†. Most people simply expected gifted students to act more mature or to be geniuses, even though gifted students are the same as other children in their needs as human beings. Some gifted students were forced to grow up too fast and some simply ignored the fact that they were smarter than others, thus, they were lost in the shuffle. The irony of it all is that gifted-ness seems to run in families and the children of these repressed gifted students are, themselves, But what exactly is a â€Å"gifted† student? Students (elementary & secondary) are given a repertoire of tests. These tests check IQ, psychomotor ability, specific academic aptitude/talent, creative and productive thinking, leadership ability, and skills in the visual and performing arts. The main requirement, the IQ, is tested by a standardized IQ test (remember, however, that IQ tests are not always perfectly accurate). Ratings are given to each bracket of IQ scores: If a student receives a rating of â€Å"gifted† or higher (130+), he/she is considered to be a gifted student and is introduced into the designated programs. These students are given the opportunity to choose classes that are meant to teach them how to use their minds for critical thinking, reasoning, and artistic pursuits. Students in these classes are also exposed to culture, literature, and other subject areas that are not usually covered in what they term â€Å"normal classes†. The gifted classes are mainly in an open format allowing the student to create the parameters of his/her work and allowing them to be creative in their learning experience. Each class is presided-over by a teacher that has specialized degrees in gifted education. Almost every school in the United States has a need for a gifted class, making job opportunities endless; there are never Gifted teachers must have both a degree in education (secondary or elementary) and a degree in special education (gifted). These teachers are individuals that must have stamina, people skills, and open minds. It is also important (to the students) that the teacher himself/herself was also classified as gifted. It sets a common bond, shows them that the teacher understands the problems they face as so-called â€Å"smart kids†. These students are often ridiculed by heir peers and looked-down upon by their teachers. They are often separated from others their age by a barrier that can only be described as their â€Å"intelligence†. This is why, often, gifted teachers have degrees in administration, counseling, or psychology. All teachers that I interviewed told me that a continually upgraded education is a must (as are additional degrees). In order to keep up with the students one must attend seminars, workshops, special classes, etc. There is no end to the amount of education that could help you to understand gifted students and the role of their teacher†. Also, if a teacher has extra educational qualifications, he/she could be asked to step up to the position of administrator or, more often, counselor. This means pay raises. Though the average salary for teachers is approximately $27,500 per year, it is â€Å"a worthwhile undertaking† according to Jane Mansueto, â€Å"It is incredible to work with gifted students. They are incredible! † She went on to remark that it is fascinating to imagine that they are of the same level of intelligence as the teacher and what they must be feeling inside. She feels that the students are not bothered by what their peers think, but actually tend to understand that other†s opinions mean little compared to their own. Mrs. Mansueto taught at Elm Grove Middle School for 5 years. She commented on her role as a gifted teacher to consist of â€Å"one part mentorship, one part hardship, and one part friendship†. When asked what kind of hours she keeps, she laughed and asked if she was supposed to have time off. According to Mrs. Mansueto, unlike a â€Å"normal† teacher, a gifted teacher has no books to go by or preset material to teach, or, or that matter, a preset subject to teach. They are given a blank page and, using input from students, must draw up lessons from every subject area and constantly challenge the inquisitive minds of the gifted. Jane Mansueto attended Trinity College where she majored in both elementary education and gifted education. Her favorite part of being a gifted teacher is being with the students, working hand in hand with them to plan and carry out projects and trips. Though the pay is average, and there is not much room to be promoted if you wish o remain in the classroom, gifted teaching has its personal rewards. Jeff Simpleton, a gifted teacher as well as a former gifted student, states, â€Å"I really think that by being gifted, I am in touch with what they have to go through. They know that I can understand. † Mr. Simpleton†s class consists of 6 high school students, who have many problems due to the intelligence barrier and a kind of isolation that has built up over the years between themselves and their classmates. They seem to feel that they have a reputation that they must live up to. The students try to please everyone†¦ hey push themselves with sheer motivation and determination and drive. Mr. Simpleton feels that this is â€Å"what makes them so great†. He feels that anyone with a sense of adventure and a need for something new day after day would find teaching a gifted class to be the perfect job for Gifted teachers are important to the development of their students minds. They are understanding individuals who must work hard to make the curriculum interesting and challenging. With the proper education it is possible to go far as a teacher of the gifted.

Family Life Cycle Theory Essay

State the three developmental tasks outlined in the family life cycle theory. Discuss 2 factors examined in this unit that affect the completion of each developmental task. Include examples. (300 – 400 words) The family life cycle describes early adulthood as a stage in which individuals are launched from their families of origin. Parents and children must separate from one another so that young adults can accept emotional responsibility for themselves. The three developmental tasks must be mastered to allow the family life cycle theory to occur. The first developmental task outlines that young adults must form an identity separate from that of the family or origin. This process is known as individualization. The second developmental task declares that young adults must develop new intimate relationships with peers outside of the family to provide the social and emotional support they need. The third developmental task indicates that young adults must make their first tentative commitment to a career or workplace role. These developmental tasks enable young adults to be self-sufficient adults. The parents and child relationship must change in order to be less hierarchical so that a young adult can accept responsibilities for making decisions. Parents must be tolerant of difference of opinions as young adults make occupational choices. They must all accept that their child is forming new intimate relationships. There are several factors in this unit that affect the completion of each developmental task. In the first task, development involves change in response to crisis so the family can move on to a different, not necessarily better stage. In the movie Step Brothers, both Dale and Brennan (the step-brothers), realize they caused the separation of their parents. They are forced to put matters into their own hands and move out. This proves to be a critical moment in both their lives. Dale and Brennan need to sort out emotionally what they will take along from the family or origin, what they will leave behind, and what they will create for themselves. In the second tasks, an important factor is that development involves seeking new relationships with people who will soon become a permanent fixture in your life. For example, referring to same movie, once Dale and Brennan had left the home, they both seek to develop new relationships. Dale discovers an intimate relationship with Brennan’s brother’s wife. Brennan tries forming an intimate relationship with his counselor as well as a better relationship with his new acquired brother.

Politics of Screen Practise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Politics of Screen Practise - Essay Example Both Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin that featured the USSR in 1952 and Gillo Pontecorvo’s The Battle of Algiers that focused on Algeria in 1966 are some of the renowned revolutionary films (Rosenstone, 2002). These films were produced after the occurrence of revolution in the countries. Goskino, the USSR State Committee for cinematography developed The Battleship Potemkin while Casbah Films managed by Saadi Yacef, produced The Battle of Algiers. The films entail of a stage that focuses on revolutionary struggle of battles that were lost. These were essential in the development of a new collective identity and also marked the historic activities that occurred during the period. However we note that despite propagandistic objectives, the films entail of a wide variety of interpretation. The revolutionary films have a fundamental characteristic that focuses on the anti-colonial liberation movements. This develops through a sense of self-assurance and definition of their culture after many years of colonial rule (Rosenstone, 2002). Revolution films are termed to be stocktaking; they have the ability of creating a clear perception of its reflection to the society. This is evident in the scenario where the people protesting in Cair Tahrir square identified themselves on the videos that were projected on large screens in their camps. According to Battleship Potemkin, Sergei Eisenstein depicts the prior revolution of the Russians that occurred in the year 1905. This was a film that was highly recommended by many individuals. The viewers were captured by the creativity of the film even with the occurrence of the Cold War since it entailed of a mutiny based in czar’s naval vessel. The film focused on a exhilarating description based on combined revolution and a virtual subject describing how the editing of the film executed excitement, sympathy and revolutionary anger. The themes of the film are

Assign2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assign2 - Assignment Example Curtis held his argument that our galaxy bares a diameter of 30,000 light years; with the sun close to the center of our galaxy. He further believed that the observed spiral nebulae are similar to our galaxy. However, Shapley opposed Curtis’ fact on the relation of our universe to the galaxy, by saying that our galaxy bares a diameter of 300,000 light years; with the sun being 60,000 light years away from the center of the galaxy. He also further argued that, the observed spiral nebulae are just a cloud of gas that makes up the whole universe. Shapley meant that the spiral nebulae are not just galaxies on their own, but also part of our universe. Prior to the microwave background discovery, Andrew McKellar (9140) had already concluded that, the rotational states of CN molecules were influenced by an equilibrium temperature of 2.3 Kelvin. Thus, the latter result was a year later confirmed by Walter Adams to be true. However, their discovery was never taken into consideration due to the emergence of World War 2, which shifted scientific and physical knowledge of astronomers into invention of military equipments. Hence, emergence of the latter war was the main reason as to why McKellar missed the noble prize, of being the founder of microwave background. Since, during the period of World War 2 he served the Canadian Navy while neglecting his cosmic discovery, of thermal temperature required for a microwave background. Thus, a lot of his physics knowledge that he had was bridged to the war. However, after the Second World War, McKellar’s idea on the thermal equilibrium rotation of CN molecules was later used for the disco very of the microwave radiation, which as a result pioneered the invention of cosmic microwave background in 1965. Thus, the 1965 discovery of CMB was made by radio astronomers from America (Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson), who were later crowned for the Nobel Prize of discovering the microwave

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management - Assignment Example Effect of the powerful technological alteration on the business of sport and human-computer interfaces based on the present trends, investigation and extrapolation and includes genetic engineering and robotics, which alters the capabilities of participants and segregates sports figures even more from the rest of the underlying population. Granted the conditions of genetic engineering and robotics and robotics, there is equal occurrence of radical alteration within the organizational structure of the prevailing sport competitions. Alteration in the organizational structure of the sport competitions mainly entail hierarchy of competition, the format of competition that dictate the dismissal of competitions as opposed to the corresponding seasons and manifold leagues at the same level of competition and the way of dissemination and competition of sports by the prevailing spectators. The sports businesses of the future will look extremely contrasting to those in the present day. This fas cinating article is exceedingly theoretical and is thus suitable for sport business of the present. It is radical and often implausible ideas concerning the future. Sport competitions of the prospect mainly pertain to the free market coupled with freak markets that interest economists in particular.

Case 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Case 3 - Essay Example Secondly, Beaver was inspired by the success of the Chegg book rental Company where he worked in course of his studies. Thirdly, the fact that there was no book Rental Company operating near the Campus where Beaver studied made Beaver to spot the opportunity of starting a books rental Company. Although there is looming changes and challenges in book rental industry, continued growth in the Beaver’s Company is still achievable. The following are the three main ways in which Beaver’s TXT Book Rental’s can maintain exponential growth rate despite the imminent changes and challenges in the business. Firstly, the Company can maintain its exponential growth rate by giving high quality services to their customers; to maintain its high growth rate, the Company should give better services to their customers than their rivals. Through the excellent services, therefore, the Company would be able to maintain high level of sales, thus maintaining its exponential rates. Secondly, the Company can maintain its high rate of growth by being innovate and coming up with new ways of increasing their sales; for instance, the Company can come up with new innovate marketing strategies meant to reach more customers, thus increasing sales. Thirdly, TXT Book Rental’s can maintain its exponential rate of growth by diversifying. Although TXT Book Rental’s was founded with the exclusive aim of renting books, there is nothing wrong with the Company diversifying and coming up with different services or products so as to boost its profits, thus maintaining its exponential growth rate. Going forward, the following should be TXT Book Rental’s strategy. To begin with, given the fact that the whole book industry is undergoing a rapid digital revolution, the TXT Book Rental’s Company should not be left behind, but they should also join the digital

Discussing an artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussing an artwork - Essay Example This makes it possible for one to perceive water as a plane that reaches to the canvas’ depth, which Venus seems to be approaching. Venus comes in front towards reality of the onlooker’s edge. The picture is beautiful reflecting a mysterious movement as Venus slithers from a distance while flowers in pink float. The slow descent of the pink flowers reveals that the air around Venus is still and warm. The Aura and Zephyrus, which are the characters floating in the air drift Venus forward using their breath. The sky they are floating in is weightless and motionless, while they lock in an embrace. While Venus is ratifying her inspiration, the characters follow her romance in air free from any kind of restriction. Venus portrays a curve-like pose, while holding her hair in front and using the other hand to cover her breast. Since she is stilting her head, her eyes appear indefinable (Lazzari and Schlesier 6). The â€Å"Birth of Venus† reflects popular culture. Most people in the world today are inclined towards the things the world has to offer as well as the forces influencing it. Thus, the artwork by Botticelli aims at encouraging people to focus on the beautiful aspects of life as well as have hope that ideal things will become apparent in the coming years once they keep hope. In terms of elements, Botticelli employs when composing â€Å"Birth of Venus† include a golden ratio as well as a suggestion of oval configuration. Venus is abnormally large and is situated at the painting’s center. The dimensions of the canvas come from a golden mean. He portrays the importance of Venus by creating an oval composition illusion. With regard to subject matter of the painting, Venus depicts two key aspects. Firstly, she serves as a god in earth who stimulated human beings to engage in physical love. She is also portrayed as a god in heaven who inspires humans to practice

Marketing Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Audit - Essay Example However, this was a great challenge to Nokia, specifically because new companies began to emerge, that were able to produce cheap mobile phones, which were also innovative. During the 21st century, Nokia began losing competition to mobile phone giants such as Apples, Samsung, and the numerous Chinese mobile companies that produced cheap, but innovative mobile phones (Sundback, 2008). One of the major reasons as to why Nokia was losing competition is based on the fact that it had a poor marketing strategy. Nokia was unable to effectively communicate its proposition, and what their products stand for. This is an aspect that Apples and Samsung have managed to communicate effectively in their marketing campaigns. Furthermore, the advertisements of Nokia are not consistent, communicating messages which are not relevant to their target market (Barnes, 2011). It is important to understand that to achieve success in marketing, it is essential for a business organization to highlight how their products serve the needs of their customers. On this note, failure of Nokia to achieve market growth is not because of low quality products, but mainly because of their poor marketing strategies. Nokia is a company in the telecommunication industry. In reviewing the marketing strategy of Nokia, there is a need of concentrating on the strategy that the organization employed in marketing its Nokia brand of mobile phones (Glotz, Bertschi and Locke, 2005). This report will provide a critique of the marketing strategy of the organization, identifying various weaknesses that the company needs to improve on. The main intention of providing a critique on the marketing strategy of Nokia is to make a recommendation on how to improve its marketing mix, in order to be an effective competitor in the telecommunications industry (Häikiö, 2002). On this basis, this report is a critical analysis of the marketing strategy of Nokia

Public Private Partnership in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

Public Private Partnership in the Philippines Essay Methodology The researcher used the historical research method that provided information on the value of Public-Private Partnership in Philippine Infrastructure Construction. The data provides an overview on how valuable, whether it be for the benefit or detriment of the country, PPP projects are in the socio-economic paradigm. The gathered data were from relevant books, research papers, government data, and thru papers released by relevant parties. What is Public–Private Partnership? Public–private partnership (PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies. These schemes are sometimes referred to as PPP, P3 or P3. 1 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership One of the possible reasons why PPP is the format as to how the Philippine government is conducting most of its high budgeted infrastructure projects is clearly stated by Ferreira and Khatami â€Å"The private sector is playing an increasingly crucial role in the financing and provision of services that were traditionally the domain of the public sector. One of the key reasons is that governments are unable to cope with the ever-increasing demands on their budgets. Most infrastructure expenditures in developing countries have been funded directly from fiscal budgets but several factors such as macroeconomic instability and growing investment requirements have shown that public financing is volatile and, in many countries, rarely meet crucial infrastructure expenditure requirements in a timely and adequate manner.† PPP involves a contract between a public sector authority and a private party, in which the private party provides a public service or project and assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the project. In some types of PPP, the cost of using the service is borne exclusively by the users of the service and not by the taxpayer. In other types (notably the private finance initiative), capital investment is made by the private sector on the strength of a contract with government to provide agreed services and the cost of providing the service is borne wholly or in part by the government. Government contributions to a PPP may also be in kind (notably the transfer of existing assets). In projects that are aimed at creating public goods like in the infrastructure sector, the government may provide a capital subsidy in the form of a one-time grant, so as to make it more attractive to the private investors. In some other cases, the government may support the project by providing revenue subsidies, including tax breaks or by providing guaranteed annual revenues for a fixed period. 2 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership PPP in the Philippines The Philippines has a long history of public-private partnership (PPP) initiatives, which serve as a rich basis for future investments. As of now it is a priority of the Benigno Aquino III Administration probably due to its perceived socio economic benefits not only in the usual infrastructure projects like roads, expressways, bridges, transportation terminals etc., it is also going after sectors like information and communications, healthcare, etc. One of the forefront departments involved in Infrastructure development and PPPs is the Department of Public Works and Highways. As Infrastructures are means for our country to regain and sustain high economic growth, improve the social living standards of the people and remove the bottlenecks to international commerce and investment. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is seen as â€Å"approach to invest resources for adequate road infrastructure. The Government has fewer resources to invest on Expressways. DPWH will undertake the reforms needed to create a more conducive environment for private business and help generate many more bankable projects.3† DPWH PROJECTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN 2011 1. NAIA Expressway (Phase II) 2. NLEx-SLEx Link Expressway (Unsolicited Proposal) 3. 3 Department of Public Works and Highways, PPP Projects 3 Department of Public Works and Highways, PPP Projects Daang Hari SLEx Link | There were 10 PPPs announced for bidding in 2010, 4 were airport projects. The PPPs included: * the Cavite-Laguna Expressway project, * NAIA Expressway II, * LRT 2 East Extension project * Privatization of LRT-1 OM, * Privatization of MRT-3 OM, * LRT 1 Cavite Extension project, * Bohol Airport, * Puerto Princesa Airport, * New Legaspi (Daraga) airport, and * Privatization of OM of Laguindingan airport. But some of these projects were shelved because the government wanted to be prudent about the structure and rules under which these would be bid out to private investors. Feasibility studies also took a lot of time. 4 4 Why the Initial 10 PPP’s were designed to fail by AYA LOWE 4 Why the Initial 10 PPP’s were designed to fail by AYA LOWE Rene Santiago, a transportation consultant said that opportunity losses due to delays in the PPPs are mounting. For the LRT-1 Cavite extension alone, he estimated the loss at P80 billion in the last 10 years. Santiago also estimated the losses for 2011 to 2013 to total P25 billion in economic costs. The value of the economic benefit loss of the LRT-2 east extension, which would not be completed until 2016, according to Santiago, is already P5.4 billion, more than half the cost of the project itself, which is P9 billion. According to Santiago, Manila was first among ASEAN countries to set up an urban railway the LRT-1 built in the 1980s. â€Å"Many of ASEAN countries have now overtaken Manila,† he said, however.â€Å" From now until 2020, expect the Philippines to lag behind other countries in terms of railway projects,† he said. Based on the researched data Public Private partnership for infrastructures benefits are as follows: * It could increase and give greater infrastructure solutions due to private companies having more resources for research and development and use of innovative technology. * It will offer faster project completion and reduced delays because it skips most of the government red tape present in normal construction and funding is internal to the private sector so there are no projected delays due to budget release. * Its return of investment (ROI) is greater when compare to traditional methods, due to innovative design and financing approaches because of the experience of the private sector in marketing. * Risks are weighted from initial conceptual stages to determine the feasibility of a certain project * The operational and project execution risk is transferred totally to the private sector, leaving the public component on a win-win situation * It is a concept where early completion of the infrastructure is expected under expected budget, reducing the claims and change order process due to it being similar to a developers scenario. * It allows government funds to be re-directed to other important socio-economic areas because funding of projects are done by the private sector. * Reduces government budget and budget deficits, because the government is virtually getting an infrastructure for free. * Public Private partnership allows a reduce tax payment from users similar to the subsidies of the government in LRT, MRT. * Allows the government to direct the expected function of the project in accordance to their own interests But not everything is good about PPP, listed are some of the determined drawbacks: * PPPs have risks involved, and the government will the pay the price to transfer those risks to the private sector, risks like bankruptcy, possible failure of the project during operation. * Certain situations can affect the purity of the process due to specialized areas being improved, reducing the number of contractors available to perform the requested projects wherein sometimes monopoly of contracts happen. * Profits of the projects can vary depending on the assumed risk, competitive level, complexity and volume of the project being performed * Government representative must be highly specialized personnel and contracting experts mostly people from concerned agencies like DOT and DPWH have to have these kind highly trained personnel. CONCLUSION Based on the data gathered the proponent of the study has come to the following conclusion, the benefits of Public Private Partnership further outweighs its detriments as some of the drawbacks can be easily averted through proper project planning and control and preparation. For PPP to be successful, the government and the private sectors involved must do it in with careful urgency. The Philippines is a developing country as such progress and infrastructures needed to elevate our status would be beneficial if achieved in the shortest amount of time as possible, but these projects, if without ample considerations, may initially look promising but in the end may cause a lot of problems, and instead of helping become one of those elements that keep slowing the country down.

Roles Of Women In The Fourth Gospel Religion Essay

Roles Of Women In The Fourth Gospel Religion Essay The voice of Raymond E. Brown concerning the Gospels, and especially the Fourth Gospel is an authoritative one. His bold and un-conventional opinions regarding the Gospels and Gospel studies have already made controversies chiefly among the conservative scholars. This article, Roles of Women in the Fourth Gospel is another study of Brown which touches a hot contemporary debate about the role of women in the Church and about the possibility of ordaining women to the priesthood. Though thirty six years have been passed after the publication of this article, still this is a contemporary debate in the Catholic Church, though the Magisterium has infallibly declared the impossibility of womens ordination since it is founded on the written Word of God, and from the beginning constantly preserved and applied in the tradition of the Church. Brown begins his article stating the possibility of different approaches concerning the biblical evidences in this particular debate. One approach that he mentions is a general discussion of first-century ecclesiology found in the NT texts. But he asks whether such evidence about the foundation of the Church and the institution of the sacramentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..is culturally conditioned? The second approach he points out is the discussion of the explicit texts that refer respectively to the equality and the subordination of women in society and cult. He bluntly states that he is not convinced of this discussion, since each text has a counter-text to support or deny. A third approach, that he wishes to follow is considering the general picture of women in the fourth Gospel, and in Johannine community. Before beginning the study he gives a general introduction to the Evangelist and his community. He highlights the peculiarity of the Johannine community, namely the importance given to t he following of Christ and obeying his word, rather than having special ecclesiastical charism from God. Brown starts his discussion saying that we do not have much information about church offices in the fourth Gospel, and about women in church offices. But he says the text of Martha serving at the table (diakonein) has a significance in the historical context (in the 90s) when such a service had been already become a ministry of an ordained person. Except for this one passage, Brown reminds, our discussion will be on the general position of women in the Johannine community. The story of the Samaritan woman is the first one to be discussed. Samaritan woman who perceives Jesus as Christ testifies this to others. The Evangelists comment that the Samaritan villagers believe because of the womans word (4,39. 42: dia ton logon pisteuein), says Brown, is noteworthy because it occurs again in the priestly prayer of Jesus for his disciples: I do not ask in behalf of these alone, but for those also who believe in Me through their word (17,20). Brown writes that the Evangelist can describe both a woman and disciples at he Last Supper as bearing witness to Jesus through preaching and thus bringing people to believe in him on the strength of their word. Then the author deals with the dialogue between Jesus and the disciples soon after the leaving of the Samaritan woman and just before the coming of the Samaritans to Jesus because of what the woman has told them. The important terms like apostellein, to sow, and to reap in this passage are clear proof of the real mis sionary function of the Samaritan woman, Brown states. The story explicates that the woman has sown the seed and thus prepared for the apostolic harvest. Chapter 20 is another example given by Brown to explain that the evangelist gives a quasi-apostolic role to a woman. Seeing the risen Christ is considered to be an integral part of the apostolate (1 Cor 9,1-2; Gal 1,11-16; 1 Cor 15,5; Lk 24,34). In the Fourth Gospel, it is a woman, Mary Magdalene who sees the risen Lord for the first time and is sent by the Lord himself to give the message to his brothers. Brown notes that what she proclaims is the standard apostolic announcement of the Resurrection: I have seen the Lord. She is the apostle to the apostles. In the story of Lazarus, Mary and Martha, the confession of Martha: You are the Christ, the Son of God (11,27) substitutes the supreme confession of Peter which is found in other gospels. Considering the place of women in Johannine patterns, Brown makes another interesting observation. He notes that discipleship is the primary Christian category for John, and the disciple par excellence is the Disciple whom Jesus loved. But in 11,5 we see Now Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus. Another proof is given from Chapter 20 again, where Mary Magdalene recognizes the voice of her master. In an allegorical parable (10,3-5) a disciple is like a sheep who recognizes the voice of its shepherd. Since the sheep are his own (twice in 11,3-5), it is clear that even woman can be in the same category of relationship to Jesus as the Twelve. The second part of the article is dedicated to another important woman in the fourth Gospel, who is none other than the mother of Jesus. After explaining the tradition behind the miracle at Cana in detail, Brown indicates that the evangelist understands the role of the mother in relation to discipleship. This point is clear from the second scene where she appears at the foot of the cross (19,25-27). There are two great symbolic figures whose personal names are never mentioned in the Gospel. The reason, says Brown, is that their primary (not sole) importance is in their symbolism for discipleship rather than in their historical careers. The women, in this Gospel, are first-class disciples by telling that Jesus loved Martha and Mary and that Mary Magdalene was one of his own sheep. The mother of Jesus is given a further important role. She shares with the Beloved Discipleship an equal plane as part of Jesus true family. Brown is sure, after researching the evidence of the fourth Gospel, that the Johannine community valued the following of Christ and there was no difference male and female in that. To end the article, Raymond Brown writes: but even John has left us with one curious note of incompleteness: the disciples, surprised at Jesus openness with a woman, still did not dare to ask him, What do you want of a woman? (4:27). That may well be a question whose time has come in the Church of Jesus Christ. The Magisterium has closed any discussion on the possibility of ordaining women. But this article of Raymond E. Brown convinces his readers that there is still possibility of a discussion about the role of women in the Church as real missionaries and apostles to testify the risen Lord to the whole world. I may end my overview of this article with the words of Brown which he puts in one of his footnotes: At a time when we are engaged in a necessary debate as to who among the baptized can be ordained to priesthood or bishopric, it may be useful to remind ourselves that it remains more important to be baptized than to be ordained, more important to be a Christian than to be a priest, bishop, or pope.

9 11 Essay :: September 11, 2001 Essay

On September 11, 2001 terrorists crashed two American airline airplanes into Twin Towers, killing thousands of people. It was the worst terrorist attack in American history and it showed us that we are not protected by Atlantic and Pacific. It showed us that we could be attacked by anyone at anytime. It showed us that if we will be attacked again that we can only depend on each other and not on other nations to help us. The 9/11 changed people forever, some lost family members or friends, others lost their jobs even so called â€Å"American Dream.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The September 11th attacks made us united as one powerful person who can stand up from the ruins of thousands pounds of metal and fight so that we wont have to be in ruins again. In the recent videos Osama bin Laden and his colleagues are talking about the power of Islam and the attacks on Twin Towers. It seems like Osama bin Laden and other radicals are ready for â€Å"Jihad† and they are ready to win. They say that Allah is on their side and people around the world want to learn more about Islam since the September 11th attacks. A good example was John Walker, an American who was with Taliban army man when he was captured. He was studying Muslim traditions in Pakistan where he joined Taliban. The other day I was watching â€Å"Dennis Miller Live† where I heard Dennis Miller talk about John Walker, he said that his parents should give him more then just spanking. This showed me that even today almost five months of 9/11 people still talk about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our military campaigns in Afghanistan eliminated a regime that supported terrorism and other violent groups. Today in Afghanistan there is no regime and the country is rebuilding it self from the ruins of Soviet war. John Ashcroft who is now the famous man on TV is probably the only one who takes the problem seriously. He said that he wants to check for people who have connections with the Alquida and its cells. But some people say it’s unconstitutional to do that, but in 1700’s or even 1800’s terrorists did not attack America. That means that our finding fathers did not had to deal with Ottoman Empire nor their attacks because we were protected by oceans. Even in the old days constitution was not a factor for some people to do something immoral or illegal.

Brain Transplant :: essays research papers

Brain Transplant Medical technology has seemed to advance enough so that doctors are able to perform brain transplants. So far this procedure has only been successfully performed on animals, and now doctors hope to perform this procedure on humans. I believe brain transplants should not be performed at all, and especially not on humans because of the numerous problems and side effects that could arise. Even though brain transplants can be successfully performed on animals, this does not mean that it will be successful with humans. The human brain is much more complex than the brain of animals, so there will be many more complications during surgery. For example, the healthy brain that was removed could have been damaged in some way without the doctors knowing it. It would also be very difficult to attach a person's brain in a different body because of the millions of neurons that send and receive messages to and from all over the body. It would be almost impossible to reconnect every single neuron, and without them a person could not function normally. Many psychological effects are also possible because the human brain is so complex. Our brain makes us who we are, and with a different brain we would no longer be unique. A person with a different brain would seem to be a total stranger and in many ways they would be. Hopefully these dangerous side effects will convince doctors not to perform this procedure on humans. The advancement of technology can be very beneficial to everyone, but I do not believe that this medical technology of brain transplants will help anyone. We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescence our mind developed into who we are. No one should steal our identity from us, even if we are seriously injured, and change it to a completely new one. Also for the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their identity and it should not be given to anyone else. Another problem with brain transplants is how can doctors choose what are "healthy" or "normal" brains. An elderly person who has died would have an aged brain that would not be as efficient as a younger person's brain. Then would doctors have to find healthy brains of the same age as the person who Brain Transplant :: essays research papers Brain Transplant Medical technology has seemed to advance enough so that doctors are able to perform brain transplants. So far this procedure has only been successfully performed on animals, and now doctors hope to perform this procedure on humans. I believe brain transplants should not be performed at all, and especially not on humans because of the numerous problems and side effects that could arise. Even though brain transplants can be successfully performed on animals, this does not mean that it will be successful with humans. The human brain is much more complex than the brain of animals, so there will be many more complications during surgery. For example, the healthy brain that was removed could have been damaged in some way without the doctors knowing it. It would also be very difficult to attach a person's brain in a different body because of the millions of neurons that send and receive messages to and from all over the body. It would be almost impossible to reconnect every single neuron, and without them a person could not function normally. Many psychological effects are also possible because the human brain is so complex. Our brain makes us who we are, and with a different brain we would no longer be unique. A person with a different brain would seem to be a total stranger and in many ways they would be. Hopefully these dangerous side effects will convince doctors not to perform this procedure on humans. The advancement of technology can be very beneficial to everyone, but I do not believe that this medical technology of brain transplants will help anyone. We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescence our mind developed into who we are. No one should steal our identity from us, even if we are seriously injured, and change it to a completely new one. Also for the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their identity and it should not be given to anyone else. Another problem with brain transplants is how can doctors choose what are "healthy" or "normal" brains. An elderly person who has died would have an aged brain that would not be as efficient as a younger person's brain. Then would doctors have to find healthy brains of the same age as the person who

The Tell-Tale Heart How does the author make his story-telling effectiv

The Tell-Tale Heart How does the author make his story-telling effective? Edgar Allan Poe made this story special for the reader. It is a study of paranoia How does the author make his story-telling effective? Edgar Allan Poe made this story special for the reader. It is a study of paranoia and mental deterioration. First of all, he combines the narrator and the protagonist. Poe writes this story from the perspective of the murderer of the old man. When an author creates a situation where the protagonist tells a personal account, the general shock of the story is sharp. The narrator, in this particular story, adds to the effect of horror by continually stressing to the reader that he is not mad, and tries to convince us of that fact by how carefully this brutal crime was planned and executed.. It is surprising, because the criminals frequently deny their crimes. The reader doesn’t know much about the protagonist, not even his name or his sex, using only "I" and "me" in reference to his character. It could as well be a young man or an old lady. While he tells his tale, the narrator uses a cold and factual tone. He uses a lot of vocabulary in reference with death and suffering, as to create an atmosphere where the reader could feel uneasy, such as â€Å"Whenever it fell upon me my blood ran cold.† The narrator stresses the reader that he is not mad, and tries to convince him of that fact by showing how carefully his crime was planned and executed. â€Å" You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded† Moreover during the whole tale, he builds attempts to convince the reader he’s not a madman but in fact, he seems more to be trying to persua... ...ology of the story to show a scene from the past. By using these flashbacks, the author manages, to express the confusion of the protagonist’s mind. Moreover, Poe uses a gothic literary style, where story of darkness may happen in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the protagonist goes mad from the "beating" of his guilt. Poe strips the story of a river of detail as a way to intensify the murderer’s obsession with the old man’s eye, the heartbeat, and his own claim to sanity. Allan Edgar Poe, wrote a strong story, with an unusual point of view. Following, the criminal in his long way down to madness, and his resistance towards the truth. He’s the one with a problem, not the eye. But the reader is supposed to be convince at the end of his speech that he’s not mad, but they finally, think he isn’t â€Å"just nervous† as he says, but mad.

Truman Show Character Development

In the film, Truman Show by Peter Weir, the director used a variety of visual and verbal techniques to develop the character Truman Burbank. Wier used the movement of actors, dialogue, props and symbolism to show how Truman progressed from being a typical all-American guy to a courageous man who's willing to face his fears to break free from the chains that binds him to his ‘creator. ‘ Truman Burbank is a star of his own show- The Truman Show- and everybody knows except him. He lives in the best place in the world, Seahaven, where the people are always friendly and well-dressed. The houses they live in are painted to perfection with well-tended gardens. Here, Truman lives a seemingly perfect life with his beautiful wife, Meryl, and reliable friend, Marlon. As events unfold, Weir shows the audience how Truman is actually unsatisfied with his life- he feels trapped in his marriage and restricted with his job. He yearns for an adventure and dreams of finding Sylvia, his true love. Weir used dialogue and movement of actors to establish for the viewers what Truman is like in the beginning. The start of the film shows him acting out a role of a brave explorer in front of a mirror, saying: ‘Eat me dammit! That's an order! ‘ Because he doesn't have enough excitement in his life and Seahaven is not offering him the challenge he wants, he tries to make up for it by imagining a different life. He's also constantly tells his best friend, Marlon that he's ‘thinking of getting out' and is ‘going away for a while. ‘ But interestingly enough, even with a great desire of getting out, Truman never tries his hardest to leave Seahaven. Weir used Cristof's dialogue to show this: ‘If it was more than just a vague ambition, if he [Truman] was absolutely determined to discover the truth, there's no way we could prevent him. In this stage of the story, Weir shows that Truman is far from being a courageous man. To make sure Truman can't and won't leave, Cristof, the director of The Truman Show television program, used props and dialogue. After Truman's father died in the sea, he developed fear of water. When he came close to finding out that he's father is really alive his mother told him: ‘I know you feel bad about what happened†¦ I've never blame you Truman. ‘ They used his guilt to dismiss his suspicion. They also tried to make him ride a ferry to remind him of his fear when he tries to find Sylvia. When he tried to ride a plane to Fiji to continue looking for her, posters all around talks about the perils of flying to scare him were in the travel agency. A newspaper about Seahaven being the best place int he world is also shown and a movie called â€Å"Shome Me the Way to Go Home† was played on the tv to urge him to stay. Weir used all of these to show the audience that Truman might be slowly changing as he realize that the world he's living in, is not the only one out there. He can leave and lead the life he wants. Truman's character started to develop when he begins to find out that he's actually the star of his own show. Weir used movement of the actors to show how Truman progressed from being the go-with-the-flow-type of guy to a rebel. He acts inappropriately and doesn't think of the conseuences when he drives recklessly around the roundabout and reverses dangerously to get out of the traffic jam. Then, in a desperate attempt to leave Seahaven, he tried to overcome his fear of water by closing his eyes while speeding over the bridge, drives through a fire and even tried to go into a supposedly contaminated forrest. Later, he sailed in the sea through the storm and screamed at the top of his lungs: ‘Is that the best you can do? You're gonna have to kill me! ‘ Weir shows how much Truman, who only talk the talk, has progressed to walking the walk. He's finally doing something to get what he wants and he's giving his all. Truman's name has been used by Weir to symbolise how he is a ‘true man' amidst all the actors in Seahaven. He's been likened to Adam, the first man on the paradise. Adam's life story had become a summary of his. Adam left the paradise, Eden, after eating the forbidden truth of knowledge the same way Truman left his paradise, Seahaven, after learning the truth of his life. However, unlike God, Cristof wanted Truman to stay in Seahaven because it's ‘the way the world should be. ‘ The ending of the film had left the minds of the audience in a state of confusion and mixed emotions. Cristof urges Truman to stay, telling him: Truman, there's no more truth out there than in the world I created for you – the same lies and deceit. But in my world you have nothing to fear. The audience are torn between supporting Truman in his long awaited new life or wishing him to stay in Seahaven were they can watch him and be part of his life. Truman's answer had also likened him to being the second Adam- to being Jesus Christ who sacrificed himself and is ressurected to a new life as Truman sacrificed his seemingly perfect world where his life is controlled for the ‘sick place' where he h as freedom. Symbolism was used to show the audience how courageous and heroic Truman is. In conclusion, Weir used dialogue, movement of actors, props and symbolism to develop the character, truman Burbank. In all of the characters in the film, only Truman showed a change in character. He was always wishing to get out of Seahaven, yearning for an adventure and a new life. But he never did anything to do it; he let his fears and uncertainty to get the best of him. He chose to continue living in his seemingly perfect world. But as he see how far from perfect his life and whole world is, he summoned all his courage and began to rebel. He broke free from the chains that Cristof tied him to and truly became a courageous and heroic man.

Lou Holtz Convocation

Chase Wells Dr. Donald A. Hoy BA 198 B 2 September 2012 Lou Holtz a Convocation to Remember Lou Holtz: motivational speaker, hall of fame football coach, magician, devout Catholic, and Benedictine supporter. This last week I was blessed with the chance to hear him speak. His speech was based on the idea that by following three rules, you can live a just life with no regrets. Throughout the speech Holtz cracked joke after joke, keeping it constantly interesting.At one point, he even shocked the crowd with a very impressive magic trick. By combining an excellent message with humor, and magic he had the entire crowd’s attention for the full duration of his speech. Holtz’s three rules were: do the right thing, do your best, and show people you care. The three rules seem easy enough to follow, and the motivation to go along with them has inspired me to follow them. Lou was truly passionate about what he preached. He clearly contributed much of his success to these rules.Thro ugh stories of life experience Holtz persuaded, and motivated the crowd. I think every person in the gymnasium left with the knowledge to improve themselves as a person, and the motivation to perhaps do it. Lou Holtz is truly an extraordinary person. He’s a 5’9’’ man that talks with a lisp, and role model for thousands. That in itself is impressive. Not to mention his excellent track record as a football coach, New York Times best selling books, Motivational speaking accomplishments, and more.His life long mission of making not only decisions he can live with, but the right ones has cast him into success. Having never been one to watch college sports I walked into the convocation with little knowledge of who Lou Holtz was, and low expectations for his speech. I walked out stunned, surprised, and impressed. Lou Holtz is an amazing person. His speech gave me knowledge, and motivation to improve my life, and for that I am grateful.

Economic Development and Culture Essay

According to Easterly (2001), attempted remedies to underdevelopment (like loans, FDI, population control) are generally determined by non-economic factors such as demographic variables, cultural characteristics, and political systems. In the following paragraph, Easterly demonstrated the devastating implication of a single path to economic development in many Third World countries. Now, the assumptions of both classical economists and political economists are under attack. There is one element that both these theories ignored: culture. Sociologists and cultural anthropologists often argued that there is no single path to economic development when culture is taken into consideration. Market institutions and free trade instruments have usually low adoption rates in many underdeveloped countries (Easterly, 2001). The reason is not obvious. Traditional methods of production and exchange often obscure economic principles. These traditional methods of production and exchange constituted a significant part of culture. For example, in the 1950s, the so-called ‘trickle down approach’ became popular in the West. The idea is simple. The adoption of technology flows smoothly from the capitalist class to low income agricultural families (Easterly, 2001). Translated into income, the rate by which the capitalist class accumulates wealth is correlated with the rate by which low income agricultural families accumulates capital. In short, the approach benefits all individuals who adopt prescribed technologies (since these technologies increase production and improve efficiency). Such approach was enthusiastically received by Third World countries in the 1950s and 1960s (Easterly, 2001). However, after two decades of trial, it was clear that it failed to produce the desired results. Farmers did not adopt the prescribed technologies, as what the proponents of the approach expected. Several studies were conducted to determine cause of the failure. Culture was seen as the ‘culprit’ variable in those studies. Third World farmers failed to adopt prescribed technologies because: 1) such technologies were antithetical to traditional beliefs and farming practices, and 2) culture did not permit them to use such technologies. These results generally struck down the traditional economic approach to development. Economic principles are not the sole determinants of economic development. Easterly (2001) summarized the role of culture in economic development. His main propositions are as follows: 1) Many economic policies failed because it never incorporated elements of cultural life. Such can be said of the ‘trickle-down approach’ used by many Third World countries in the 1950s and 1960s; 2) Culture decides which and how economic policies should be undertaken. For example, an economic policy that fosters information liberalization in an Islamic country is doomed to failure. An economic policy should be socially accepted; 3) Culture provides an avenue for feedback for implemented economic policies. Culture is itself a collective entity that dictates which economic policies are sustainable in the long-run. Acceptance is not the issue, rather the long-term utility to the society; 4) Culture provides individuals, groups, and institutions the necessary moral information of specific policies. When viewed from the social exchange theory, it is these moral information that enable individuals and groups to rationally weigh the benefits and costs of particular economic policies. In the book Culture Matters, Patterson’s essay successfully showed that economic models failed to explain the persistent social and behavioral chaos that defines inner urban life (Culture Matters, 494). Patterson argued that economic models only explained the tangible elements of economic life; that is, economic models only touched issues like income, consumption, savings, and investment (Culture Matters, 495-98). When those economic models were used to explain behavioral differences across individuals, groups, and classes, they ended in self-insufficiency. However, Patterson’s essay revealed another striking fact. Cultural differences, behavioral outlook on wealth, and socio-religious beliefs were seen as determinants of income, investment, and savings. Groups that have a positive outlook on wealth and investment have tendencies to adopt capitalist principles. Groups which adhere to conservative religious beliefs tend to view capitalist principles as ‘unChristian. ’ In short, cultural differences determine economic development. To restrict economic development to the twin principles of free trade and non-government intervention is misleading. If a country wanted to experience economic development, it must take into consideration non-economic variables. Political culture, ideology, socio-religious beliefs, and systems of exchange are some of the non-economic variables that influence economic decision-making patterns. Works Cited Culture Matters. Ed. By Lawrence Harrison and Samuel Huntington. New York: New York Basic Books, 2000. Easterly, William. The Elusive Quest for Growth : Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. MIT: The MIT Press, 2001.

Commercial aviation

Introduction Yield management can be described as the collection of processes, techniques used by airlines to make its customers pay as much as possible for their seats, while maintaining load-factor., (Alderighi et al, 2012). Mittal et al (2013) added that it has become near impossible to sustain a business without affective yield management, in particular when capacity is constrained. It was also noted that increased competition through low-cost carriers has created an environment where yield management must be monitored to ensure carriers can compete effectively on price, (Vila, 2011). This assignment will consider how airlines use yield management as a tool to meet management strategies, providing examples to support research. The strategies that emerge from this use will also be considered along with their effectiveness. The main strategy of the airline is to maximize revenue from its available inventory of stock (its seats). The strategy is to sell the right seats to the right people, (Kimes, 1989). The airline must find a trade-off between discounting its seat to increase sales and fill its inventory, while selling full-fare tickets to generate profits its operations, (Vila, 2011). Airlines Fixed Capacity The reasoning behind the need for yield management is the fixed capacity faced by airlines. Airplanes have a fixed capacity (seating) and so will attempt to generate the greatest income from the availability. Furthermore, airlines must also consider that their operations face a high-level of fixed costs in terms of staffing, fuel etc. Given this, the airline needs to manage capacity to ensure profitability, (Sheehan, 2013). The equation for yield management could be shown as: The formula above compares the revenue achieved with the maximum potential revenue. For example, take an aircraft with 200 seats, which could each sell for ?100, adding up to maximum potential revenue of ?20,000. However, the carrier has only sold 150 seats at an average of ?80 (total ?12,000 revenue) per seat given early discounts and last-minute offers. Given this, the equation will be: Market Segmentation With the above, airlines have generally been successful given their ability to segment the market with a number of strategies. Firstly, airlines have adapted their strategies to offer a number of ticketing options, allowing them to differentiate prices, also seen in the hotel sector in terms of room offering, Dunbar (2003). One main factor is flexibility; some consumers will prefer the lowest-cost ticket with non-cancellation or change, while some will be willing to pay more for the same seat given the flexibility to cancel/change their booking. Another example could be the timing of flights; some consumers will be willing to pay more for daytime flight than an overnight flight, while again, some consumers will be willing to pay more for a direct flight than a flight with numerous changes, (Shaw, 2012). However, airlines are able to use connection flights as a way to control inventory by flying consumers to a hub airport, where they can then fill up other flights capacity. For example, take a journey from London Heathrow to Tokyo; a consumer could either fly direct with British Airways for around ?900/ return or fly with Emirates, with a connection in their Dubai hub, for around ?650/ return, with Emirates benefitting from filling up inventory on its flights, (Expedia, 2014) [Online]. Finally, one the most common forms of segmentation is different ‘classes’ available on flights. While some of the cheaper airlines only offer standard class to focus on the price-sensitive consumers, major airlines have developed a number of classes to differentiate pricing. For example, a consumer could fly economy, premium economy, extra-legroom, business-class and first-class, which all over a slightly different service, allowing the airline to charge a different price as well as appealing to different customers, (Belobaba et al, 2009). Inventory To airlines, their inventory is their seat capacity, which could be seen as ‘perishable’ – if the plane departs with empty seats, the capacity is lost and no revenue can be derived. Again, this brings into question a trade-off, between selling advanced tickets at a lower price to ensure a desired ‘load-factor’, while also saving capacity in the hope that a higher-paying customer will purchase. This brings into question fluctuating demand by time and season. Yield Management may be used as a tool to smooth the demand pattern, which may see some airlines fares change by the hour/ day, (Alderighi et al, 2012). For example, an airline may increase its business class seats during the week, working hours; given the main demand for this offering will be business travelers, who would be more likely to make the booking during the working week. Furthermore, an airline may also increase its price during peak seasons, given the higher underlying demand, leading to increased revenue, which could then be used to support lower prices in the low season to entice customers. Airlines will respond to increased demand by upping prices; an example could be seen with flights from the UK to Brazil for the upcoming World Cup (Clarke, 2013) [Online]. According to Lufthansa Systems (2014: 1) [Online]: â€Å"Today’s airline business is evolving into a two-tier industry: global alliances are reaching worldwide coverage and no-frills carriers are gaining market share with a low-cost, point-to-point product.† No-Frills airlines increase competition The continued expansion of no-frills airlines coupled with the recent economic depression has combined to dampen demand for major carriers such as British Airways (BA), KLM on some routes, (Alderighi et al, 2012). This move has been supported by new, more fuel-efficient aircraft and also development of infrastructure, which has allowed these low-cost carriers to operate from new ‘hubs’, (Weiss, 2014) [Online]. For example, in London, the majority of major international carriers such as BA, Emirates, Virgin operate predominantly from London Heathrow, however, the development of Stansted airport has provide greater capacity for Ryanair and EasyJet, at lower costs, while the infrastructure development has allowed the airport to be a viable option for customers throughout London and the South, (Neufville, 2008). Closer Integration to Control In a bid to counter increased competition and improve capacity efficiency, airlines are continuing to integrate and form alliances, (Merkert, 2012). For example, BA recently merged with Spain’s Iberia, given it greater access to South American routes, (BBC Business, 2010) [Online], while also buying smaller regional UK carrier BMI, to take control over its Heathrow landing slots, (CAPA, 2013). Furthermore, BA is also part of the ‘OneWorld’ alliance, with other airlines such as American Airlines (AA) among others, (OneWorld, 2014) [Online]. Apart from OneWorld, Star-Alliance and SkyTeam are the other major alliances. These alliances allow airlines to share capacity, reducing the need for direct competition on a number of routes, which could then lower price. According to IATA (2013), customers now demand a ‘from anywhere to anywhere’ service, which is impossible for one airline to supply efficiently, increasing the need for connection flights and multiple carriers. On their own, few airlines would be able to generate the needed traffic to justify a daily non-stop service; furthermore some airlines may be constricted by availability of infrastructure and flight capacity, (CAPA, 2013). For example, take BA, the airline is currently restricted by capacity at Heathrow airport, which may restrict its opportunity to serve each US route; however through joining with AA in the alliance, BA could offer services a selected number of major US hubs, where AA could then fly customers onto their final destination, (Wu, 2014). This will also reduce the need for major capital deployment into new air craft from BA, BA could focus these resources on new routes and emerging markets for example. Research from Brueckner and Spiller (1994), Bailey and Liu (1995) and Brueckner and Whalen (2000) all concluded that consumers put great emphasis on price and network scope. Network scope is increasingly relevant for business travelers as globalization opens up new markets and opportunities, increasing the need for services to a wide range of destinations. Network depth, with a choice of convenient timings for travel, is also important for these passengers, (IATA, 2013). However, not all airlines have adopted alliances, instead moving on with major expansion plans, with the main example Emirates. The airline has increased its fleet in a bid to expand routes rapidly; however, this has been supported by major capacity at its Dubai hub coupled with a favorable location between the growing African and Asian markets. Furthermore, backing from Dubai, who are pushing to turn the emirate into a major tourism destination are supporting major capital outlays on new aircraft, also allowing the carrier to undercut on prices, (Arabian Money, 2013) [Online]. Technology Carriers can also use technology in a bid to aide yield management. For example, carriers can use a Computer Reservation System (CRS) to track purchases of seats in terms of time, price. As more sales move online and onto carrier websites, carriers will find it easier to track demand for their flights. With this information, carrier ay determine optimum times to sell higher-priced tickets or levels at which to discount to attract sufficient demand to fill the plane. Carriers could also utilse information from Global Distribution Systems (GDS) such as Galileo Desktop, which is: â€Å"Galileo Desktop is a sophisticated global reservation, business management and productivity system that gives you vast content options, accurate pricing capabilities, and highly capable booking tools.† (Travelport, 2014) [Online] These systems could be used along with information from Passenger Name Records (PNR) to analysis customer behavior and buying habits to ensure greater achieved revenue. For example, a carrier such as Ryanair may use the data to determine its optimal pricing, given the focus on price for low-cost airlines. This may prevent the carrier from over-discounting on tickets, increasing achieved revenue. The more information that a carrier can collect on customer behavior, the greater chance they have of determining a pricing strategy to achieve the greatest revenue, (Wensveen, 2011) Concluding Remarks From the discussion above, the issue of yield management has gained greater emphasis as the continued expansion of ‘No-Frills’ airlines and a more price-sensitive consumer have led to greater need to control costs. In a bid to control their revenue, airlines have adopted a number of methods, with market segmentation continuing to be a main point. Airlines have focused on splitting the market, offering new seat/booking options to justify a differing price; to add, with the deliveries of the new Airbus A380’s, a number of airlines are increasing the top-market offerings such as individual cabins and lay-down beds to increase revenue from the business/first-class segment, allowing them to compete more effectively for the price-sensitive consumer in economy class. Furthermore, airlines are now concentrating on joint ventures and alliances to further increase efficiency and reduce costs in a bid to maintain yields as increased competition put little potential for price increases. The discussion has shown that these ventures provide great potential for airlines when faced with capacity and infrastructure issues. References Alderighi, M, Nicolini, M and Piga, C (2012): Combined Effects of Load Factors and Booking Time on Fares: Insight from the Yield Management of the Low-Cost Airline, Italy, Italy, Fondazione Eni. Alderighi, M, Cento, A, Nijkamp, P and Rietveld, P (2012)1: Competition in the European aviation market: the entry of low-cost airlines, Journal of Transport Geography, 24, pp223-233. Arabian Money (2013) [Online]: Seat sale as Emirates expands aggressively for market share, Available at http://www.arabianmoney.net/business-travel/2012/02/08/seat-sale-as-emirates-expands-aggressively-for-market-share/, Accessed 04/03/2014. Bailey and Liu (1995): Airline Consolidation and Consumer Welfare, Eastern Economic Journal, 21 (4), pp10-24. BBC Business (2010) [Online]: British Airways and Iberia sign merger agreement, Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8608667.stm, Accessed 04/03/2014. Belobaba, P, Odoni, A and Barnhart, C (2009): The Global Airline Industry, USA, Wiley. Brueckner and Spiller (1994): Economies of Traffic Density in the Deregulated Airline Industry, Journal of Law and Economics, 379. Brueckner, J and Whalen, W (2000): The Price Effects of International Airline Alliances, The Journal of Law and Economics, 43 (2), pp42-56. CAPA (2013): Heathrow Airports slot machine, UK, CAPA. Clarke, D (2013) [Online]: England fans warned to expect high-prices in Brazil, Available at http://www.direct-travel.co.uk/travel-insurance-news/england-fans-warned-to-expect-high-prices-in-brazil-801650475, Accessed 05/03/2014. Dunbar, I (2004): Market segmentation: How to do it, how to profit from it, USA, Elsevier Publications. IATA (2013): The economic benefits generated by alliances and joint ventures, USA, IATA. Kimes, S (1989): Yield Management: a tool for capacity-considered service firms, Journal of Operations Management, 8 (4), pp348-363. Lufthansa Systems (2014) [Online]: revenue Management and Pricing, Available at https://www.lhsystems.com/solutions-services/airline-solutions-services/commercial-solutions/revenue-management-pricing.html, Accessed 05/03/2014. Merkert, R and Morrell, P (2012): Mergers and Acquisitions in aviation-management and economic perspectives on the size of airlines, Logistics and Transportation Review, 48 (4), pp853-862. Neufville, R (2008): Low-Cost Airports for Low-Cost Airlines, Transportation Planning and Technology, 31 (1), pp35-68. OneWorld (2014) [Online]: Member Airlines, Available at http://www.oneworld.com/member-airlines/overview, Accessed 04/03/2014. Mittal, P, Kumar, R and Suri, P (2013): A Genetic Simulator for Airline Yield Management, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2 (9). Shaw, S (2012): Airline marketing and management, UK, Ashgate Publishing. Sheehan, J (2013): Business and Corporate Aviation Management: Second Edition, USA, McGraw Hill Professional. Travelport (2014): Galileo Desktop, Available at http://www.travelport.com/Products/Galileo-Desktop#, Accessed 04/03/2014. Vila, N and Corcoles, M (2011): Yield management and airline strategic groups, Tourism Economics, 17 (2), pp261-278. Voneche, F (2005): Yield Management in the Airline Industry, USA, Berkeley. Wensveen, J (2011): Air Transportation; A Management Perspective, London, Ashgate Publishing. Weiss, R (2014) [Online]: Lufthansa targets lower costs on new aircraft’s fuel use, Available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-10/lufthansa-targets-lower-costs-as-new-aircraft-help-savings-plan.html, Accessed 04/03/2014. Wu, C and Lee, A (2014): The impact of airline alliance terminal co-location on airport operations and terminal development, Journal of Air Transport Management, 36, pp69-77.

Types of crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Types of crimes - Essay Example UCR measures this crime using National Incident-Based Reporting System. Offenders of this crime include enemies of politicians and other famous personalities whereas victims of this crime include government employees, police officers, and service workers. Offenders commit this crime wherever and whenever they find some opportunity to kill. This crime is also on rise in the United States. I think that reporting system of this crime is good as news channels are doing their job perfectly in reporting these incidents. Vehicle Theft Vehicle theft refers to the act of taking another person’s vehicle without informing that person. The intention of the offender is to keep that vehicle permanently. UCR measures this crime by analyzing the number of cases reported to the police by the victims. Offenders of this crime include thieves whereas victims include any person who posses some vehicle of value. Thieves usually steal vehicles from car garages present in the houses and from streets. This crime seems to be on decline because of effective law enforcement from police and law enforcement agencies. Police reporting system and National Incident-Based Reporting System are working well for this crime so nothing needs to be changed.

Life Expectancy differs with the Environment Essay

Life Expectancy differs with the Environment - Essay Example In this respect, it means that individual life expectancies should be obtained in order to obtain their mean or average. Life expectancy of an individual can be established at birth when the age is 0 and assuming that the person is going to live for a given numer of years, ?. The life expectancy of an individual who will leave for ? years depend on the life probability at time t for the individual surviving from the 0 age to age ? (the highest age attained). Therefore, life expectancy at birth is a function of the age at that time and the highest age likely to be attained, which is illustrated as ; where L ­e is the life expectancy at a particular age, x, and it is a function of O age and time, t. Based on the fact that life expectancy of an individual is a function of current age and the time he/she is likely to leave, the formula for life expectancy of an individual is as follows; In the above function, is the lifetable probability that the individual in question at time t will s urvive from birth to age a, and attain the highest possible age, ?. This is the formula for calculating the life expectancy of an individual at birth to a given age and possible the highest attained age. As will become apparent at the end of this study, life expectancy differs across different countries. At the same time, there is a clear difference between life expectancy levels of both males and females5. The differences in these two instances are caused by the same factors. The most significant factors are herewith discussed6. One of the most cited factors are differences in socioeconomic status. Most countries and individuals in these countries are at different economic stages. Some are more economically disadvantaged than others. It has been found... As will become apparent at the end of this study, life expectancy differs across different countries. At the same time, there is a clear difference between life expectancy levels of both males and females . The differences in these two instances are caused by the same factors. The most significant factors are herewith discussed . One of the most cited factors are differences in socioeconomic status.   Most countries and individuals in these countries are at different economic stages. Some are more economically disadvantaged than others. It has been found that individuals or countries that have historically been economically disadvantaged, exhibited by such factors as unequal access to educational and occupational opportunity have   lower life expectancies .   This is because disadvantages often mean that these individuals cannot access important opportunities, such as employer-based health insurance and thus high mortality rates. Lastly, economically challenged countries or ind ividuals have   prevalence of diseases a factor which increases mortality rates reducing life expectancy. In most studies, it has also become quite apparent that there is a clear variation in life expectancy arising from gender differences. As will be seen in subsequent representations, at every age, females have a higher life expectancy level than males. The biological explanation is founded on the premise that females have a physiological advantage that translates to higher longevity. Each of these explanations has evidence supporting their positions.

Dario Argento Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dario Argento - Essay Example In Titanic, in the depiction of the ship sinking, the imagery that resulted from the decor was so real, it’s like Cameron actually rebuilt the whole ship again and destroyed it, especially when the ship tilted and broke into two, and the diming of the lights in the whole ship. In Avatar lighting, the way the imagery in the battle was perceived was due to great combination of intensity, direction, and very high lighting quality. Since light affects the way colors are rendered, this was used to focus attention predominantly on particular aspects, for example, the eyes of both Jake and Quaritch. This captured fully the flaring emotional moment. In Titanic, lighting was used to show the clarity of the disaster and details of the ship wrecking, especially when almost half of the ship was submerged, while the other half was still above the water but slowly being engulfed. In Avatar, space, depth, proximity, size and proportions of both Jake and Quaritch were well manipulated in 3D. The acrobatics in the battle were enhanced primarily by this careful manipulation. It effectively determined the mood between them. Titanic’s shear size was also captured well in 3D, displaying magnificent details, especially when the ship slanted. ... Titanic’s depiction in aspects of costume in the scene was mainly in the falling off of passengers of different class as per their clothes, who were desperately clinging to the railings as the ship capsized (Passarella 10). In relation to implicit and explicit meaning in Avatar, viewers easily notice a very thinly veiled case scenario on the Iraq war, the US policy regarding terrorism, the inhumane actions based purely on greed in corporations, and environmental concern. There seem to be a reflection of the Israeli/Palestine conflict, as Jake depicts inferior fights, while Colonel Quaritch is seen using heavily armed and armored machines. Jakes decision and passion to fight his own way in defense of the Omaticaya is intriguing. Despite of having years of personal experiences with his kind, for example with colonel Quaritch, especially by virtue of being soldiers while having basically insignificant personal experiences with the Na’vi, Jake recognized the barbaric acts b eing committed against them and acknowledged the lack of correspondence between what he signed up to do, in relation to what his superiors like Quaritch were demanding of him. In Titanic, the ship was thought to be unsinkable, thus before setting out; a compromise was made regarding the number of lifeboats aboard the ship. When it began sinking, the richest got the first priority on the lifeboats, which did not carry the full passengers it could accommodate. While they waited in half-full lifeboats, they witnessed cries of people freezing to death, and didn't offer to help them. Since it came out in 1997, this film seem to depict the 1995 Rwanda genocide, which the able nations of the world just watched and did nothing to prevent the senseless killings of the poor people, since the rich already

Music in Twentieth Century Wales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music in Twentieth Century Wales - Essay Example Through education and the support of patrons, Welsh music has set into a vigorous motion that encompasses other musical horizons that has led to a significant transformation of music that is performed in Wales.2 This has included instrumental music, chamber music plus symphonic output music.3 The creation of ensembles at Welsh universities and the establishment of a national orchestra coupled with the British Broadcasting Corporation national Orchestra of Wales has given rise to an unrivalled interest in instrumental music either orchestral or chamber. Composers of the twentieth century have also added an impetus towards the interaction of Welsh classical music and music from other parts of the world. Prominent artists to have come from Wales include Mansen Thomas, Daniel Jones, Alun Hoddinott and others form the current crop of musicians. Wales has a different kind of music as compared to music from other parts of the world, that has given it the title â€Å"the land of song† , and the music is normally associated with deep male voice exemplified in bands and choirs such as the Treorchy Male Voice Choir. In the twentieth century, an upsurge of national and international acts such as the Manic Street Preachers that sang a new crop of music quite distinct from the usual Welsh tunes. The Welsh songs in the twentieth century and beyond have been characterized by narratives done in dramatic fashion, contrasts and climaxes that may be thrilling in nature. These are performed by bands composed of people who appreciate brass bands and their percussive effect. In the twentieth century, the importance of music and its performance in the Welsh society especially in the education sector has been emphasized through different media and performances. Different researchers have shown that the music is developed with a deep focus on festivals, brass bands, choirs composed of males and emergence of mixed choirs. Other modes include the development of music competitions co vering Welsh music and their performance at all stages in the society. At the beginning of the twentieth century and beyond, Wales has seen an upsurge music groups playing rock and pop through groupings, ensembles, bands or individuals.4 Individuals include such persons as Dave Edmunds, Shakin Stevens and Shirley Bassey who have revolutionized the music society in Wales. Groups of singers include john cale of the Velvet Underground while popular bands in Wales include the Amen Corner, The Alarm and many other groups. The Welsh National Eisteddfod5 is a major festival that provides an opportunity for the Welsh to celebrate their culture especially their music. It is normally held every year and in different venues and every or most members of the Welsh community gather to watch harpists and bards perform songs whereby the singers are accompanied by harps and the performance is competitive.6 In Wales, most of the choirs are male dominated that have been known to belt good tunes around the world. One of the best-known male choir bands of the twentieth century that has promoted the virtue of Welsh music is the Treorchy and the Morriston Orpheus male voice choirs that have toured the whole world with great performances. Recently, other choirs have come up and grown popular, for example the

Thoughts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thoughts - Assignment Example The combination of various psychological characteristics builds their identity and difference among others (Maltby et al., 2013; George & Jones, 2012). Based on the TypeFinder MBTI Profiles analysis, I found certain similarities in my characteristics that indicate a fall in the category of Introverted iNtuitive Feeling Perceiving (INFP) personality people. I do not appear to be naturally inclined about the category in which I belong too. I can develop various skills to do well in building my own personality with a lot of effort. My personality reflects that I am idealist in looking for the good and the bad about particular people and events. Even my survival amid various individuals could be a challenge, as I am always looking towards making things in a better ways. The overall result obtained from the TypeFinder analysis reveals the fact that I possesses a goal-oriented passion with moderate independency, conscientiousness, innovativeness, adaptability with inner flame and passionate about shining. The result also reveals that people who are like-minded spend their time with me and feel extremely perseverant, curious along with be ing interested in learning new things from me. Besides, they feel the sentiment of inspiration and joy. In the way of moving forward rather than thinking in logical, exploratory or sentinels manner, I utilise my own judgemental style to pursue things. The result also signified that I always listen to many individuals but interact with lesser number of people. My idealistic, open-minded thinking, creativity, passionate, energetic, dedication, flexibility and hardworking capabilities are the true strengths of mine. On the other hand, different factors that include idealistic, altruistic, impractical behaviour, taking thing on the personal ground and difficulty in dealing with some situations are the major drawbacks I possess due to my personality. Moreover, my

Pen-3 Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pen-3 Model - Essay Example PEN 3 Model Culture is defined as a set of beliefs, behaviors, objects and others that are common to a group of people (Schaefer, 2009). Cultural aspects also include religion, language, values, laws, norms and the like. It is learned by the people by imitating the elders and/or enforcement by means of stigma and praises inside the society. Because of this, it is logical to say that culture can also affect health, as the health of an individual is also affected by culture and in turn also affects the health of the society. The health of the society is vital and it should be assessed regularly to monitor the needs of the people. A healthy population is a healthy civilization. Some diseases, like AIDS, are spread because of behavior. AIDS is transmitted by having unprotected sex or by using soiled needles contaminated by the HIV in medical procedures. These are all controllable and the spread can actually be contained when the people can just adjust their behavior. Behavior, like promi scuity, is an aspect of culture. Therefore, a disease that is spread by culture can also be corrected by culture. The sub-Saharan territory in Africa has the largest population of people with AIDS. The adult prevalence of AIDS in the 2005 was at 5.0% and it continues to grow (UNAIDS).

Reasearch paper about accounting and why it interest me Essay

Reasearch paper about accounting and why it interest me - Essay Example The accountant should be perfectly skilled in the use of computer, MS Office and accounting softwares. Accountants should preferably get certified to become the certified public accountant (CPA). The individual needs to take accounting courses in the college. â€Å"As a general rule, a CPA must have a four year degree, while accountants without certification can get by with a two year degree† (Smith). An accountant should have very good interpersonal skills in order to gain success and satisfaction in the job. The accountant is supposed to frequently interact with the colleagues for necessary information. Therefore, he should have perfect mannerism, and should be extremely professional in his speech. It is very important for an accountant to be decently dressed because he has to visit the manager’s office several times a day. People like several things about the job of an accountant one of which happens to be the environment in which the work is conducted. Accounting is done inside the office. There is little to no field visit. The accountant is responsible to feed the data received from the site into the computer, update the data according to new purchases and sales on regular basis, prepare the balance sheet and forward it to the top management for information.

Toll Like Receptor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Toll Like Receptor - Essay Example In 1989, Charles Jeneway published it classical paper discussing inate immunity and establishes the fact that recognition of pathogen is done by germline-encoded receptors and not the recombinant antigen receptors (Janeway, 1989) He establishes the role of co stimulatory molecules or signals responsible for T cell activation. After extensive research of almost 20 years we have identified that co- stimulatory signal named as Toll receptor and its pathway. Surprisingly people working with different model system recognize that Toll receptor was not only responsible for human innate immunity but also found in wide range of living systems starting from earthworm to plants. Initially Toll receptor was recognized for its role in innate immunity but later on many unique role of toll was appeared in different model system like In drosophila where Toll have key roles in development. Investigation of Toll receptors and pathway related or activated by this receptor open ups new era of innate imm unity and give us insight in to evolutionary conservation. Toll like receptors (TLR) are PRRs (pattern recognition receptor) having unique and essential role in innate immunity. It comprises of family of type I transmembrane receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine rich repeat domain and intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. LRR founds in diverse set of proteins having role in ligand recognition and signal transduction (Ruslan Medzhitov, 2001). The signature sequence of LRR is L(X2) LXL(X2) NXL(X2) L(X7) L(X2). Where X2 is any amino acids. The TIR domain of Toll receptor is conserved protein-protein interaction module found in different transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins in animals and plants. Interestingly, most of these TIR associated proteins in animals and plants have a role in host defense.Figure:1 Schematic of Toll likes receptor (TLR) (www.icampus.ucl.ac.be) TLR in mammalian Immunity: In mammalian species there are at least 10 TLR, and having distinct role in innate immunity. There are almost dozens of ligand for TLR were identified and many more yet to be established. TOL ligand are quite diverse in nature but having some common characteristics like most of TLR ligands are conserved microbial products (PAMPs), TLR recognize different structurally unrelated ligand and some TLR requires accessory proteins to recognize its ligand . Fig 2 shows different ligand molecules recognized by mammalian TLRs. (Ruslan Medzhitov Nature Reviews Immunology 1, 135-145 November 2001) Figure: 2 Ligand specification of TLR TLR Pathways: Activation of signal transduction pathway by TLR leads to expression of several genes have key role in host defense. For example TLR activated signaling pathway activates expression of cytokines, chemokines, MHC and various co stimulatory molecules (Ruslan Medzhitov, 2001). Initially it was proposed that all TLR have similar signaling cascade but growing evidences indicates that even though there are conserved signaling molecules in TLR pathway, there are differences among different types of TLR mediated