Great Expectations: Changes in the Character of Pip :: Great Expectations Essays

Changes in the part of gain Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a fascinating tale of love and fortune. The main vulcanized fiber, smirch, is a propellent character who undergoes many changes through the course of the book. Throughout this analysis the character, lather testament be identified and his gradual change through the story will be surveyed. The main character, Pip, is a gentle character. His traits include humbleness, benignancy, and lovingness. These traits are most likely the cause of his baby birdhood poverty. In the get of the story, Pip is a cushy mannered little boy who goes on with his own humble life. That, though, will change as he meets Magwich, a thief and future benefactor. Pips kindness goes out to help the convict, Magwich when he gives food and clothing to him. Magwich tells Pip that hell never forget his kindness and will remember Pip unendingly and forever. This is the beginning of Pips dynamic change. Throughout the novel, Great Expectations, the character, Pip gradually changes from a kind and humble character to a character that is bitter, indeed cliquish and finally evolves into the kind and loving character which he was at the beginning of the story. In order to make more money Pips uncle sends Pip to a psychotic old ladys house named Mrs. Havisham. Mrs. Havisham is a mean and nasty character who constantly bickers at Pip and tells him of his unimportance. Pip continues to be mild mannered and respectful to Mrs. Havisham yet he begins to see that he will never get ahead in life except existence nice. Mrs. Havisham uses Pip as sort of a guinea pig to take out her passion of revenge against men. She does this by using her daughter, Estella to torment Pip. Pips first and only love is Estella. Estella is very mean and nasty to Pip. Although he receives verbal abuse from Estella, he continues to like her and will not closedown disposition her, he sees the good inside of her and will not stop until the good comes out. In contrast to her treatment of Pip as a child when she had called him a common laboratory boy with coarse hands and thick boots, she tries to explain to him that emotion is something that she is incapable of feeling. The fact of that is evidence of his illusion, not her cruelty.Great Expectations Changes in the Character of Pip Great Expectations Essays Changes in the Character of Pip Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a fascinating tale of love and fortune. The main character, Pip, is a dynamic character who undergoes many changes through the course of the book. Throughout this analysis the character, Pip will be identified and his gradual change through the story will be surveyed. The main character, Pip, is a gentle character. His traits include humbleness, kindness, and lovingness. These traits are most likely the cause of his childhood poverty. In the beginning of the story, Pip is a mild mannered little boy who goes on with his own humbl e life. That, though, will change as he meets Magwich, a thief and future benefactor. Pips kindness goes out to help the convict, Magwich when he gives food and clothing to him. Magwich tells Pip that hell never forget his kindness and will remember Pip always and forever. This is the beginning of Pips dynamic change. Throughout the novel, Great Expectations, the character, Pip gradually changes from a kind and humble character to a character that is bitter, then snobbish and finally evolves into the kind and loving character which he was at the beginning of the story. In order to make more money Pips uncle sends Pip to a psychotic old ladys house named Mrs. Havisham. Mrs. Havisham is a mean and nasty character who constantly bickers at Pip and tells him of his unimportance. Pip continues to be mild mannered and respectful to Mrs. Havisham yet he begins to see that he will never get ahead in life just being nice. Mrs. Havisham uses Pip as sort of a guinea pig to take out her passio n of revenge against men. She does this by using her daughter, Estella to torment Pip. Pips first and only love is Estella. Estella is very mean and nasty to Pip. Although he receives verbal abuse from Estella, he continues to like her and will not stop liking her, he sees the good inside of her and will not stop until the good comes out. In contrast to her treatment of Pip as a child when she had called him a common laboratory boy with coarse hands and thick boots, she tries to explain to him that emotion is something that she is incapable of feeling. The fact of that is evidence of his illusion, not her cruelty.

Free Narrative Essays - Marching Backwards in Americana :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Marching Backwards in the Statesna   Id like to tell you about my dream... its a stick where strip malls abound and diversions mere moments away. Where the ones least refined define culture youll be left behind if you dont fit in. Everythings backwards in Americana. --The Offspring   Indeed, everything is backwards in our Beautiful America Where the intellectuals are on the bottom of the social hierarchy--at least, until they become rich intellectuals. Where magnificent painters, musicians, and writers can be belittled as starving artists--before they become famous artists, that is. Where so many of us find it too difficult to take a walk or jog outside--but will spend hours searching for the remote control. Yes, this is Americana.   anticipate Free or Die, as the New Hampshire state motto tells us. Since the 18th-century debut of the phrase, it has inspired the encumbered to fight to no end for their rights to representative government, to vote, to equality. And when those liberties were granted, they sought the jurist to industrialize Native American reserves, to dump toxic wastes into the ocean, to smother monkeys with chemicals. How long must we fight until we can call ourselves free?   Your freedom isnt free. Pushing us a drug you call freedom and democracy, promise us that selfishness is the means for happiness... If this is all there is to freedom, I dont want it. --Five Iron Frenzy   Protect whats yours - slide what isnt. When someone else wants it, take it. If you cant have it, complain. Everythings game in this country, no? Isnt that the meaning of freedom?   Something went seriously awry in this countrys constant quest for justice between July 4th, 1776, and today. Will we ever be satisfied with what we have, or will our crusades for more be the death of us? Lets demolish the forests, we need more homes--someone else can get about oxygen depletion. Hop in the car, its too far to walk around the block--I dont believe in acid rain. No place to dump those hazardous chemical wastes?

Neo-Nazis Essay -- essays research papers

Today there argon many active nauseate groups in the United States such as the Ku Klux Klan, Neo-Nazi, Skinheads, Christian identity, and the Black Separatists. These hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan, which is one of Americas oldest and more fe bed, use violence and get above the justice to promote their causes. Another example is a group called Christian Identity, who promotes a religion that is mainly racist and anti-Semitic. Another group are the Black Separatist groups, they are organizations whose basically are all based on hatred. We know alot about these groups because of the Intelligence Project these are citizens reports, law enforcement agencies, field sources and news reports that make us aware of the racism. Many people know how these groups act and think and most of the American people agree that these hate groups are immoral and should not be allowed to exist neither in the United States nor on the rest of the world.All the hate groups know that they can further f lourish if they continue to recruit new members. Three of the most obvious similarities among hate groups members are their sex, male their race, Caucasian and their age, 35 years old or younger. Many people think that the reason young people are willing to join hate groups in high school and in college is that they are uncertain about their own futures. People believe that young people who join hate groups are people with the least education and the least go for for the future in...

Female Lawyers in the 20th Century :: Attorneys Law Careers Professions Essays

Female Lawyers in the 20th Century As early as the American Civil War, wo hands fought to enter the legal profession. Since then, they have repeatedly proven themselves competent, and yet many have felt the pressure of opposition from their male counterparts. in time today, discrimination still exists, not from outside the profession, but from within. The reader will confront the history of womanish attorneys, what obstacles stand in their way, what advances are being make with regards to equality, and where the profession stands today. In addition, the reader will confront interviews with actual women lawyers from New York City, and case studies from across the United States. These women each have unique backgrounds. They work in large law firms, in solo practices, and for the City of New York. For contrast, also included is an interview with a female attorney from Oneonta, New York. Oneonta is a teentsy city in Upstate New York with a population of approximate ly 14,000. Through the use of these interviews and case studies, the reader will get a outgrowth-hand accounting of what it means to be a female attorney today. History of Women in the Legal ProfessionThe late 19th century saw the rise of the head start female lawyers. The Civil War, as all subsequent wars, had an important affect on women. Women were brought out of the home in order to take over the roles of the men who were away at war. Some women did not wish to return to the domestic life they had left behind and sought their way into the professional world. The first female attorneys were married women, and most came from the Midwest. As there were no law schools at the time, women seeking to enter the legal profession were taught by their lawyer husbands. In 1869 Arabelle A. Manfield became the first woman to be granted a law license. However, not all women would be so fortunate. In 1870, Myra Bradwell passed the Illinois state legal examination. Unfor tunately, the state of Illinois refused to issue her a license on the grounds that law was a wholly unsuitable profession for any wife and mother.1 Unhappy with the decision, Bradwell appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

Child Labor Essay -- Essays Papers

Child sweat Child jab has been around for long clipping and it still exists in todays world. Thiskind of labor provides problems or difficulties in the economic world. Child labor is social problem with the rise of industrial production and capitalism. It appeared in introductory ages in agricultural societies when the pincerren all around the world had to work along with 19th century, spreading to many countries. The problems started when many children, younger than ten years old, were engaged by factories. In this paper I will address the issues and history of child labor, the child labor laws, and my suggestions or solutions to child labor problems. Child labor is defined as the employment of children under the age of physical maturity for long hours. Child labor is often used in societies where industries are being developed. The governments and international organization usually consider a person economically active if the person works on a regular basis. A child is a laborer if the child is economically active. The children are used because they are agile, efficient at many unskilled and semi skilled work, quick learners, insecure and easy for adults to exploit. Historically, children working is nothing new, it was and still is often described for a familys survival. Many of these children are forced into the workforce to become beggars, farm hands and mill workers. These children are denied an education and normal childhood, some children are confined and beaten. Some are denied freedom of movement or the right to leave the workplace and go to their families. Some are abducted and forced to work. Human rights abuses in these practices are existing. There are approximately 250 milli... ...ause criminal is always going to be a criminal. My confidence is that there should be a trade restriction because I want to see some changes in these countries thatuse child labor and trade restrictions on them would be my best choice.B ibliography1. Child Labor, http//1rights.igc.org/projects/childlabor/ 2. History Of Child Labor, http//www.atchison.K12.ks.us/gifted/childlabor.html 3. UNICEF, Child Protection, http//www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html4. Human Rights Watch, Child Labor, http//www.hrw.org/children/labor.html 5. Child Labor Laws, http//www.doli.state.mn.us/childlbr.html6. US Child Labor Law, http//www.cofc.edu/muellerr/childlabor.html 7. Children In Factories, http//www.globalmarch.org/factory-lab/indonesia.html 8. Kaushik Basu,

Child Labor Essay -- Essays Papers

Child Labor Child labor has been around for long time and it good-tempered exists in todays world. Thiskind of labor provides problems or difficulties in the economic world. Child labor is social problem with the rise of industrial production and capitalism. It appe ard in earlier ages in agricultural societies when the children all around the world had to work along with 19th century, spreading to many countries. The problems started when many children, younger than ten years old, were employed by factories. In this paper I will address the issues and history of child labor, the child labor laws, and my suggestions or solutions to child labor problems. Child labor is specify as the employment of children under the age of physical maturity for long hours. Child labor is often used in societies where industries are being developed. The governments and external organization usually consider a person economically active if the person works on a regular basis. A child is a laborer if the child is economically active. The children are used because they are agile, efficient at many unskilled and semi skilled work, quick learners, unprotected and unproblematic for adults to exploit. Historically, children working is nothing new, it was and still is often described for a familys survival. Many of these children are forced into the workforce to become beggars, farm hands and factory workers. These children are denied an education and normal childhood, some children are confined and beaten. any(prenominal) are denied freedom of movement or the right to leave the workplace and go to their families. Some are abducted and forced to work. Human rights abuses in these practices are existing. There are approximately 250 milli... ...ause criminal is always going to be a criminal. My opinion is that on that point should be a trade restriction because I want to see some changes in these countries thatuse child labor and trade restrictions on them wou ld be my crush choice.Bibliography1. Child Labor, http//1rights.igc.org/projects/childlabor/ 2. History Of Child Labor, http//www.atchison.K12.ks.us/gifted/childlabor.html 3. UNICEF, Child Protection, http//www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html4. Human Rights Watch, Child Labor, http//www.hrw.org/children/labor.html 5. Child Labor Laws, http//www.doli.state.mn.us/childlbr.html6. US Child Labor Law, http//www.cofc.edu/muellerr/childlabor.html 7. Children In Factories, http//www.globalmarch.org/factory-lab/indonesia.html 8. Kaushik Basu,

W.E.B. Dubois And Booker T. Washington Fought Against Racism, Slavery, And Improvement Of African American Lives From Different Dimensions

Few today can imagine how human beings could be caught in their villages comparable fish and be sold like livestock to former(a) human beings. Africans were being shipped to America, be sold as slave to officiate in their farms. They were condemned because of their skin color race to slavery, where they were owned by the people who bought them- the American white farmers. Education was never guaranteed to them since they were someones property with expose no (sic) rights (as people in the ghetto say) what an extreme level of discrimination. How would you feel when subjected to such experience? by nature no one can be pleased.Imagine these blacks were thinking beings with a mind, soul and body The children of slaves still remained slaves. These were the things that inspired W. E. B Dubois, booker T. Washington among the people who had an hazard by the virtue of the influence after education to fight against racism, slavery trying to improve the lives of African Americans. Merria m-Websters dictionary defines racism as a prejudice based on the belief that the race is the main determinant of human traits and capacities and those racial differences produce inherent superiority of a opusicular racial group.Sociologists Noel Cazenave and Darlene Alvarez Maddem put racism as a gamely organized system of race based group privilege that operates at a very high level of society and is held together by a subtle ideology of color/ race supremacy (Cazenave and Maddem, 1999). In the book, The Souls of Black Soul where (the Author -) W. E. B Dubois asserts elevating the self was the key to better life as a black man in a debate in way in which a black American must act versus how he wants to act indicates how hard it was to be free even for those who had been freed from slavery.That racism was deep in the minds of the discriminated. W. E. B Dubois and Booker T. Washington lived at the height of racism and slavery in America. Both managed to get some good education whic h was a tool for combating the evil of the ordinal century racism. Washington was a credible proponent of educational improvement for the freed men who remained after reconstruction. At that time Booker T. Washington was the most authoritative leader in America. The cardinal engaged on an intense dialogue about segregation and political disfranchisement Washington had taken a conciliatory counsel of fight against racism.He believed in a skillful accommodation during that age of segregation which came to win a title the great accommodator from Dubois. On the other top Dubois led a radicalized fight. While this could lead been seen as clash the two dimensions of their struggle came to supplement each other. This is the approach that came to be used by Martin Luther top executive Jr. in the later years An American newsletter the Review noted that had great power to move mens hearts and carry them into sympathy with his noble and unselfish aims for lifting up the race. This arti cle carefully shows Bookers approach to education and labor.He takes great advantage to explain his point. Booker is a man of solve this can be seen from his position and occupation in the society. As a great orator, Washington is quoted saying that the condition for African American in the south-central will only improve they learn to put brain and skills into his labor. In this respect, Washington argues that this should result to more technologically advanced labor. Their differences in approaches could be attributed to anterior experiences. Biology explains that siemens twins will certainly behave differently when subjected to different environments to grow.Thinking about this hypothesis, One seminal debate between Washington and Dubois compete on the pages of Crisis which Washington was advocating a philosophy of self help and vocational training for blacks, while Dubois pressed for full educational opportunities for his race. Dubois believed that the way out was done stud y especially the liberal arts. Though wining the battle against slavery was difficult because of the constitution, the two leaders managed to bring about the movement that came to win the freedom of the slaves. This greatly reveals the power in combined workforce isnt it?Together we stand, divided we fall. This is a common saying. Dubois and Booker formed this alliance and through it, many confirming progresses were realized. For example, many humanitarian citizens gave them support, and this made the government take appropriate measures towards slave treatment, and laws governing slaves. The alliance similar to the one with William Monroe Trotter other black happy at the time help to form the group National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Was this not a fruit of the pioneering work of Booker and Dubois?Think about this how many organizations will have emerged in the next five years after this? How many policies will have been use as a result o f the pressure inserted by these organizations? These will be clear with time NAACP in its early years concentrated in utilise courts to overturn the Jim Crow status that legalized racial discrimination . The crisis magazine for the NAACP became the mouth piece for the propaganda war against racism. During the inter war years NAACP fought lynching of the blacks through out the unify States by working on legislation, education the public and lobbying.It was after several decades of campaign that brought the reversal of the separate but equal doctrine announced by Supreme Court Plessey versus Ferguson. Later the desegregation of schools and other public facilities through out the country, through the Supreme Court was managed by the NAACP. Washington though criticized by the NAACP who demanded a hard-line stance of the issue of obliging rights protests enlisted some moral and substantial financial support from a number of philanthropists they helped him fund his causes financial support institutions of higher education at Hampton and Tuskegee.Looking at the genuine American social-political scene would W. E. B. Dubois and Booker T. Washington smiled if they resurrected today? As the PBS dictation on their website wonders whether the Americans have learnt to embrace diversity, whether character has triumphed color. Almost every day we find people bleaching their skin on order to look beautiful. Race is another factor that has greatly affected the intellectual growth and increase in technology. This has brought in a belief that whites can do better than blacks in various spheres of academia.This is an analysis publish by a journal called Labor and Demographic Economic. Booker T. Outlines the thinking of many whites during his time. Intellectuals and politicians writing to shape public opinion, from both North and South, had turned more and more hostile toward African Americans. Many magazines of the time had a message of white supremacy. In his study of small-town newspapers in the South, Thomas D. Clark found that most papers in the 1880s and 1890s clearly reflected the Negro-as-beast thinking of the time.The editors revealed a general fear of the Negro, whom they often depicted as un complaisantized, a wild, ignorant animal. This was a real cringe for Washington to manage is it? His approach was revolutionary as will be seen. Washington gave an exposition diction in 1895 in Atlanta. This speech challenged the images then current in white intellectual and cultural presentations of African Americans. He insisted that blacks were a people of love and fidelity to whites, a faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people.In its larger thrust, the Atlanta speech represented Washingtons attempt to counter the presumption on the part of the white South, and much of the rest of the nation that African Americans had declined in character and morality in freedom. The overarching message that Washington intended was not acceptance of disfran chisement and segregation but rather a message of progress, of movement forward and upward. he indeed displayed dedication towards this. In Atlanta, Washington began to offer Americans a new point of view in order to challenge the ideology of white supremacy.This was a great achievement to this selfless Samaritan, as the disciples of Jesus would refer him during their time. Many years after the Atlanta speech, Washington often spoke up for civil and political rights. This is contrary to Professor Harlans contention that his public utterances were limited to what whites approved and that Washingtons actions on behalf of civil and political rights were exclusively part of his secret life of arranging court challenges and organizing protests but taking no public part.In fact, in 1896 Washington told the Washington Post that forcing blacks to ride in a Jim Crow car that is far inferior to that used by the white people is a matter that cannot stand much longer against the increasing par ole and prosperity of the colored people. Washington had several admirers and many of the se came in handy to help fight this ugly spirit called racism.He had several forums to speak the aforementioned(prenominal) message in a speech at a Spanish-American War Peace Jubilee in Chicago before people Washington asserted that the United States had won all its battles but one, the effort to conquer ourselves in the blotting out of racial prejudice. Until we thus conquer ourselves, I make no empty statement when I say that we shall have, especially in the Southern part of our country, a cancer gnawing at the heart of the Republic that shall one day prove as dangerous as an attack from an army without or within. Dubois also worked very hard to enforce equality.This spans from the first time he came into public. No one could splosh the thirst of seeing both white and black Americans live in total peace and in brotherly love. His major area of concern was education. existence a person of influence, majorly as an educationist come sociologist, Dubois always desired to have equal chance given to people of all races. He was a very practical man. This works well especially with a layman. At one point, Dubois organized a forum whereby he combined the learned and the nescient citizens. This forum had people attending from cross- cultural background both blacks and whites.This was meant to work for the common good of all Americans. Comparing the work done by the two civil activists, Booker mainly impacted the people in public forums, while Dubois did a great deal of work in academic institutions like schools and colleges. Currently as Souls would outline turmoils caused by color bar and racism, Dubois urged in his speeches that African Americans should choose path of revolt and radicalism (1969) . in another instance, while writing the Souls, Dubois asked a question How does it feel to be a problem ? (196944)In answering this question he explains what being an Africa n American agent in such a country and the unique challenges faced. In many of his lectures in the university, Dubois developed sessions where he taught about Negroism. He strongly believed that all there suffering was because of ignorance and would be alleviated through class. Dubois work was really a long term investment isnt it? It is a sure fact that by impacting the lives of students, they would in turn spread the message to their local forks In conclusion, Washington and Dubois were civil rights leaders, educational founders, and writers.They shared a positive relationship with Oberlin College and lectured at the college on a number of separate occasions. They also communicated on a number of occasions. Like Dubois, later in his career Washington fell from the fore of civil rights activism because he was not radical enough for new progressive movements. Dube and Washington accomplished much for our society. They recognized the importance of practical education and pushed the boundaries of their respective segregate societies. In retrospect, both these activists have been charged with conservatism.While they challenged racial injustice, they nonetheless accepted most of the other social constraints that characterized their society. Above all, Washington and Dube, were pragmatic men, and perhaps it is their pragmatism that has led some to question their ultimate impact on the transformation of race relations in their respective nations .References 1. Booker . T . Washington (1997) On Our Own Terms Race, Class, and Gender in the Lives of African American Women. New York Routledge. Pp 26-70.2. Dubois W. E. B, (1969). The souls of black forks. New York Signet classics Pp23-48.

Juvenile Probation Essay

Juveniles that argon and earn been in the apostrophize systems argon beginning to enumerate. The numbers of theses insubstantials are rising, and there are prime key factors that lead to this inveterate problem. In the present paper the Probation government agencyr may be a key factor to the roles that the Probation liner turns in their life. It is k flatn that Probation Officers develop a clustering passing play on with their professional lives and the numbers of Juvenile Delinquents keep rising. The following literature reviews will give some key examples to why the rise of juveniles in the court systems, and why probation officers may beget a key part in the factor. In an article by the Houston Chronicle that there compulsions to be much prevalent sense when it comes to the juvenile justice. The Harris County, TX courts made a 37 page report on the problems that they have in the halls. Such problems included the detachment of juveniles according to disabilities to dole out them better (Rogers, 2010). Another key factor in the report that was say is how the role models were dressed. There was another problem, the rule book was lonesome(prenominal) in English, and therefore they are updating the rule book to withal contain the Spanish version, according to Rogers, 2010.The development of a uniform, objective approach to clasp decision-making should be a high priority, as said by Rogers, this is referring to the upgrades to Harris County Juvenile system. The standards that have been in place often sent some kids to the detention relate if they missed a week of school, while others who should have been sent to the hall were sent home because there was no room to house the juvenile. Los Angeles County recently have been convicted of crimes or disciplined in the recent years according to Fiske & Winton, 2010. LA County has a high rate of young person incarceration. Los Angeles County probation officers are responsible for protecting 3,000yo uths in 21 halls and camps, one of the nations largest juvenile justice systems, (Fiske & Winton, 2010). The population in the juvenile halls is down thirty-two percent compared ot 2006. This is due to changing the involvement criteria on juvenles. As for kids who were lower risk or did not present problems to the community, we looked for alternatives other than incarceration such as community supervising by a probation officer, home supervision, and electronic monitoring, (Vilacorte, C., 2011).There was aOne incident had included a Probation Officer having sex with three of the youth where she had worked. In another incident, a Probation Officer direct five other girls to beat up another for taking a cell phone. This particular department has been under federal investigation due to flunk to prevent report and document child abuse (Fiske& Winton, 2010). There has been a ten step plan that is newly existence implemented for the sake of the probation officers duties and the youth of the county. Alameda County Probation Department lists some definite problems in the juvenile probation department. It lists the alternative detention programs that will focus more on the particular juveniles that are in need and help them, versus sitting in a cell and conjuring up ideas what they can find to do. When the juveniles do this, more ideas are negative, as they have lived their lives this way, so the ideas are troublesome.In this environment they are kept busy, and the probation officer has a minimal surveillance of the client. According to Alameda County website, some of the programs are spend trips and some are an inpatient treatment, which will decrease the beat the probation officer is with this certain individual, and could give more time to another child. A few of the different camps are the weekend trainings, in which there are three different ways to be sent here. In one way, the probation officer can send the juvenile there for informal weekend training. The re is also two other weekend trainings that are ordered by the courts to complete. The main Juvenile hall is capable of being home to 299 juveniles. This is a secured detention center that teaches the juveniles the commandment they need, and since the population is so high, there is a risk assessment that is completed upon coming to the hall, and it involve to consecrate sure this is the right place for the juvenile, and they are receiving the right resources for them to grow on.There is a camp that is call Camp Wilmont Sweeney, in which the camp is unlocked, and is designed to have the juveniles sent backinto the community to be productive and use what they have learned in the camp to learn from their mistakes and not to repeat them. In a document devised by Shay Bilchik, 1996, a survey was sent to Probation Officers end-to-end the United States. It was sent out to find out the problems of the Juvenile systems, and address the needs of the juveniles in the country. Many of the problems addressed were pertaining to ponder in whole. Problems stated were not enough staff, there were limited resources for the Probation Officers, and they had too many cases for the work that they do. From comparison of cases throughout the United States, New York is understaffed compared to Chicago, and even though there is an age difference in the jurisdictions between the states, the older juveniles also portrays a need for more probation officers.Probation may be apply as front ends of the line for first time offenders are juveniles that are low risk offenders. They an also be used as a back end, when someone is in confinement for a more serious offender (Bilchik, 1996). The duties vary in the probation are from state to state, unless for the most part, there are key function that are there to complete, such as the intake screening of the juvenile, presentence of investigation of juveniles and court ordered supervision f the juvenile offenders, Bilchik, 1996). Another ro le in the part of juvenile probation officers is that they cannot have a cap on how many cases they have such as other places my stop taking people after so many have come through the door.There are many cases the safety is at stake when the probation officer has to envision with the juveniles. The on the job safety has risen to levels of showing that this profession is getting dangerous. As reported through the survey, almost third base of the probation officers had been assaulted sometime during their career. In the Los Angeles County, there have been some legal groups that have gathered and imposed a lawsuit against the county for not providing education to the juveniles in the county with the largest facility.The education is needed for juveniles to have when they are released from the detention centers, and get into the community for jobs and higher education. The lawsuit claimed that there has been more worksheets given to the delinquents and not enough classroom time given and there was no help given to those who would ask. The lawsuit is the result of a months-long investigation by the legal groups and details one recent eccentric of a young man, incarcerated in county probation camps for most ofhis high school years, who was awarded a high school diploma despite being unable to read or write, (ACLU, 2010). The Challenger center which is one of the detention centers located in Los Angeles County, CA, has about 50 students. I thas been the target of an ongoing investigation for maltreatment and suffering supervision of the students attending the place. According to Tony Cook, 2008, Juvenile probation officers are the Jekylls and Hydes of the legal community, hybrids of cop and social worker, enforcer and buddy.The newspaper article looked at a originator colleiate boxing champ, Kevin Eppenger took on a juvenle probation position. The courts and jusdges as well as county officials are concerned over the rise in the juvenile courts in Clark COunty. H e stated that Eight to 10 years ago you could rattling be a role model to them, get a burger. And now, he holds more than 70 juvenile cases, and the casses are thicker than the ones he used tohave. The number of juveniles probation officers supervise has swelled from an average of 39 per officer in 2003 to 56 in 2007(Cook, 2008). And today many of the probation officers have more than seventy cases each. There used to be a time when the juvenile that didnt show up for a meeting was searched for at the colonnade or other places. Kevin Eppenger has no time to do that as he is in court, with the juveniles or admitting new juvenile to the probation department. He says it is very hard to form a relationship with the juveniles doing business this way.Jeff Jones is another probation officer that works in Clark County as a probation officer. He says that his case load is near eighty, and he has actually lost count. I stopped counting, Jeff Jones said. If you worry about the numbers, you b ecome ineffective. There used to be personal meeting with the probation officer and the juvenile, now they have to meet with three or four of the kids at one time. They said they dont get too personal during the meetings, like they would on a one- to one. And to make up ones mind the juveniles outside of the office is a rareity now for the two probation officers. To have two hours with a juvenile each month is saying a lot, and they have solitary(prenominal) hired two additional probation officers since 2003.In Washoe County, probation officers average about 50 cases. Officers in Arizonas two most urban counties Pima County, which includes Tucson, and Maricopa County, which includes Phoenix drop 30 and 34 cases, respectively. And in Utah, Salt Lake County probation officers average about 25 cases, (Cook, 2008). Thisis getting tough for theprobation officers, as most of the juvenles are repeating offenses while on probaton. This also has an impact on the county, as the departme nt asks for funds to hire some more probation officers, but it is up to the budget whether or not they are able to hire the ones they want.The term kids these days has changed its perspective of what it used to be. Ten years ago, kids were more afraid to carry a gun and get caught, whereas now they are carrying knives and guns and are having no fear in using them. The kids have no sense of consequences, and the family value that used to be, has gone down. This also makes the jobs of the people operative with the kids more of a challenge, as they try to stay a step ahead and teach the kids. ConclusionThe numbers of juveniles that are standing in court rooms, and spending time in detention centers, are rising. It is the profession of the probation officer to struggle to deal with the troubled youth. There are many issues that are going on with the youth, but there are also issues that are happening with the probation officer and the career they are in. Throughout the United States th ere are issues that are happening in the detention Halls, and through the Probation Departments. The juveniles are the ones that are losing out, although it is the choice of the juvenile to cause the trouble that they are in. This is what is called a double edged sword, where it could perhaps be both the probation and juveniles, why there are problems happening in the system.RecommendationsIn the research project, it is imperative to think that alone the probation officer can do such things as hiring more staff to assist with all the more juveniles that are entering and remaining in the system. Although in the light it would be refreshful to stay proactive with the youth, and find what is driving the youth to be like they are, and end up in the courts.In sightfulness, it is plain to see that society play a bill toll on the juveniles lives. It is also the media that will show the curiousity of kids, they will try what they see, or they just think they are invincible to whatsoever a pproaches them. In some other kids it is the environment that they get involved in,, such as parents going through a divorce, what could be happening at home, and also some friends that the child may have. Whatever the case for the rising amounts of misappropriation in the probation department, it could also have something to do with the economy of the child for the hard job of the POs. Juvenile Delinquency The Core, 3e, Larry J. Siegel, Brandon C. Welsh Cengage Learning This book had certain things to say in reference to the topic. Chapter 14 of this book is about the probation of juveniles, and the system Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, This book had certain things to say in reference to the topic. The website is related to Juveniles and Probation Juvenile Transfers to Criminal Courts This book had certain things to say in reference to the topic. It gives scenarios of Juveniles whose lives have been spent in delinquency. Alameda County Probation Department I chose this article, as it lists some problems in the juvenile probation department. I am gathering information that is distinctly relevant between the information that I am gathering. Records reveal problems in LA county juvenile probation office This newspaper article lists some of the mishaps that were found in the Los Angeles juvenile probation office. This information could be pertinent as this is what I am doing my final report on. Houston chronicle reports that there needs to be more common sense when it comes to the juvenile justice. The Harris county courts made a 37page report on the problems that they have in the halls. Such problems include the separation of juveniles according to disabilities to serve them better. Another is how the role models are dressed.ReferencesAlameda County Probation Departmenthttp//www.acgov.org/probation/ji.htmAmerican Civil Liberties Union. (2010). Landmark Federal Class-Action Lawsuit Charges Los Angeles County with Failure to Educate Youth in Probation Camps http//www.aclu.org/racial-justice/landmark-federal-class-action-lawsuit-charges-los-angeles-county-failure-educate-youtCook, T. (2008, April 28). Rising Cases proceed Probation Officers from Involvement in Childrens Lives. Las Vegas Sun. http//www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/apr/27/rising-caseloads-keep-probation-officers-involveme/Hennessy-Finke, M. & Winton, R. (2010, February 21). Records reveal problems in L.A. County juvenile probation office. LAtimes.com http//www.goldsteinlawgroup.com/documents/ProblemsInLACountyJuvenileProbationOffice.pdfJuvenile Delinquency The Core, 3e, Larry J. Siegel, Brandon C.Welsh Cengage LearningJuvenile Transfers to Criminal Courts in the 1990s, Wilson, 2000. http//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/181301.pdfOffice of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, http//www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/probation/index.htmlRogers, B. (2010, January 27). Study Common sense needed at juvenile hall. Houston Chronicle http//www.chron.com/disp/story. mpl/metropolitan/6838975.html

Organizational change Essay

organisational remove is an ongoing extremity with outstanding implications for institutional specialty. An ecesis and its members moldiness be constantly on the alert for smorgasbords from at bottom the organisation and from the outside environment, and they must learn how to adjust to miscellany quickly and effectively. organisational careen is the movement of an governing body a collide withice from its present state and toward some future state to development its effectiveness.Forces for organisational metamorphose include competitive forces economic, political, and global forces demographic and affectionate forces and ethical forces. Organizations argon often reluctant to replace be face propelance to alteration over at the organization, separate, and individual levels has given rise to organizational inertia. Sources of organization-level resistance to qualifying include power and conflict, differences in useful orientation, mechanical body structure, an d organizational culture. Sources of host-level resistance to win over include group norms, group cohesiveness, and groupthink and escalation of commitment.Sources of individual-level resistance to change include hesitancy and insecurity, selective acquaintance and retention, and habit. According to Lewins force-field theory of change, organizations are proportionatenessd between forces pushing for change and forces resistant to change. To get an organization to change, theater directors must beget a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change, or do both simultaneously. Types of change fall(a) into two broad categories evolutionary and revolutionary.The main instruments of evolutionary change are socio technical systems theory, total prize commission, and the development of pliable shiters and run for police squads. The main instruments of revolutionary change are reengineering, restructuring, and innovation. Often, the revolutionary types of cha nge that result from restructuring and reengineering are necessary only because an organization and its managers ignored or were un mindful of changes in the environment and did not make incremental changes as needed. Action research is a scheme that managers scum bag use to plan the change process.The main steps in action research are (a) diagnosis and analysis of the organization, (b) determining the sought after future state, (c) implementing action, (d) evaluating the action, and (e) institutionalizing action research. Organizational development (OD) is a series of techniques and methods to increase the adaptability of organizations. OD techniques lav be utilise to overcome resistance to change and to athletic supporter the organization to change itself. OD techniques for dealing with resistance to change include education and communication, participation and empowerment, facilitation, bargaining and negotiation, manipulation, and coercion.OD techniques for promoting chang e include, at the individual level, counseling, sensitivity planning, and process consultation at the group level, team building and intergroup training and at the organizational level, organizational confrontation meetings. CHAPTER OUTLINE 10. 1 What Is Organizational transport? Organizational change is the process by which organizations move from their current or present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. An organization in decline may need to restructure its competences and resources to improve its fit with a changing environment.Even thriving, high-performing organizations such as Google, Apple, and Facebook need to continuously change the way they operate over time to meet ongoing challenges. Targets of miscellany Organizational change includes changes in four areas 1. Human resources are an organizations most important asset. Because these skills and abilities give an organization a competitive advantage, organizations must continually monit or their structures to find the most effective way of motivating and organizing homo resources to acquire and use their skills.Changes made in human resources include investment in training, cordializing employees, changing norms to motivate a diverse workforce, monitoring progression and reward systems, and changing top management. 2. Each organizational bunk needs to develop procedures that allow it to manage the particular environment it faces. Crucial functions break in importance while those whose usefulness is declining shrink. Thus, key functions grow in importance. Organizations can change structure, culture, and technology to improve the value created by functions. 3Organizational change often involves changing the relationships between people and functions to increase their ability to create value. 10. 2 Forces for and Resistance to Organizational Change Forces for Change If managers are slow to answer to the forces of change, the organization will lag behind its co mpetitors and its effectiveness will be compromised. (Refer to Figure 10. 1) Competitive forces spur change, because unless an organization matches or surpasses its competitors it will not survive. Managing change is crucial when competing for customers.To lead on the symmetrys of efficiency or part, an organization must constantly adopt the latest technology as it becomes available. To lead on the dimension of innovation and obtain a technological advantage over competitors, a company must possess skills in managing the process of innovation. Economic, political, and global forces, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or other economic unions, are significant forces of change. The European Union (EU) includes over 27 members impetuous to take advantage of a large protected market.Global challenges facing organizations include the need to change an organizational structure to allow expansion into exotic markets, the need to adapt to a variety of national cultu res, and the need to help expatriate managers adapt to the economic, political, and cultural values of the countries in which they are located. Demographic and social forces include an increasingly diverse workforce. Changes in the demographic characteristics of the workforce require managers to change their styles of managing all employees and to learn how to understand, supervise, and motivate diverse members effectively.Many workers want to balance work and leisure. Managers need to abandon stereotypes and accept the importance of equity in the recruitment and promotion of new hires. Ethical forces such as increasing government, political, and social demands for more(prenominal) responsible and honest corporate expression are compelling organizations to promote ethical behavior. Many companies have created the position of ethics officer. If organizations operate in countries that pay little attention to human rights or to the well-being of organizational members, they have to l earn how to change these standards and to protect their overseas employees.Resistances to Change Resistance to change lowers an organizations effectiveness and reduces its chances of survival. Resistances or impediments to change that cause inertia are found at the organization, group, and individual levels. (Refer to Figure 10. 1) Organization-Level Resistance to Change antecedent and conflict When change causes power struggles and organizational conflict, an organization is likely to resist it. If change benefits one function at the expense of another, conflict impedes the change process.In the old IBM, for example, managers of its mainframe computer division fought off attempts to redirect IBMs resources to produce the PCs that customers wanted in order to preserve their possess power. Differences in functional orientation This means that divers(prenominal) functions and divisions often see the source of a problem differently because they see an issue or problem primarily from their own viewpoint. This tunnel vision increases organizational inertia. Mechanistic structure Mechanistic structures are more resistant to change.People who work within a mechanistic structure are expected to act in certain ways and do not develop the capacity to adjust their behavior to changing conditions. A mechanistic structure typically develops as an organization grows and is a principal source of inertia, especially in large organizations. The extensive use of mutual adjustment and deconcentrate authority in an organic structure makes it less resistant to change. Organizational culture Organizational culture, values, and norms cause resistance to change.If organizational change disrupts taken-for-granted values and norms and forces people to change what they do and how they do it, an organizations culture will cause resistance to change. Group-Level Resistance to Change Many groups develop strong at large(p) norms that specify appropriate and inappropriate behaviors and govern the interactions between group members. Often, change alters project and role relationships in a group when it does, it disrupts group norms and the informal expectations that group members have of one another.As a result, members of a group may resist change because a new set of norms must be real to meet the needs of the new situation. Group cohesiveness, the attractiveness of a group to its members, excessively affects group performance. A highly cohesive group may resist attempts by management to change what it does or even who is a member of the group. Groupthink and escalation of commitment also make changing a groups behavior very difficult. Individual-Level Resistance to Change People tend to resist change because they feel uncertain and insecure about what its outcome will be.Selective perception and retention suggest that people perceive information consistent with their views. If change doesnt benefit them, they do not endorse it. Peoples tasting for familiar a ctions and events is a further impediment to change. Lewins Force-Field Theory of Change Force-field theory is a theory of organizational change that argues that two sets of opposing forces within an organization nail down how change will take place. When the forces are evenly balanced, the organization is in a state of inertia and does not change.To get an organization to change, managers must find a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change, or do both simultaneously. Any of these strategies will overcome inertia and cause an organization to change. (Refer to Figure 10. 2) Managerial Implications Managers must continuously monitor the environment to identify the forces for change. They must analyze how the change will affect the organization and trammel which type of change to pursue. 10. 3 Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Organizations Evolutionary change refers to change that is gradual, incremental, and specifically focused.It adds small adjus tments to strategy and structure to care for environmental changes. Sociotechnical systems theory, total quality management, and the creation of empowered, flexible work groups are three instruments of evolutionary change that organizations use in their attempt to make incremental improvements in the way work gets done. Revolutionary change refers to change that is sudden, drastic, and organization-wide. It has repercussions at all levels in the organizationcorporate, divisional, functional, group, and individual.Three ways to implement revolutionary change are reengineering, restructuring, and innovation. Developments in Evolutionary Change Sociotechnical Systems Theory Sociotechnical systems theory is a theory that proposes the importance of changing role and task or technical relationships to increase organizational effectiveness. It emerged from a study of changing work practices in the British coal-mining industry. The socio-technical systems theory argues that managers need t o fit or jointly optimize the workings of the technical and social systems.A poor fit between an organizations technology and social system leads to failure, but a close fit leads to success. When managers change task and role relationships, they must recognize the need to adjust the technical and social systems gradually so group norms and cohesiveness are not disrupted. By fetching this gradual approach, an organization can avoid the group-level resistance to change. Researchers suggest that a team-oriented system promotes values that enhance efficiency and product quality. Total quality management uses sociotechnical systems theory. Total Quality ManagementTotal quality management (TQM) is a technique developed by W. Edwards Deming to continuously improve the effectiveness of flexible work teams. It was embraced by Japanese companies after World War II. Changes frequently inspired by TQM include altering the public figure or type of machines used to assemble products and reorga nizing the sequence of activitieseither within or between functionsnecessary to provide a service to a customer. Changing cross-functional relationships to help improve quality is important in TQM. The changes associated with TQM are changes in task, role, and group relationships.Implementing a TQM program is not always easy because it requires workers and managers to adopt new ways of viewing their roles in an organization. Managers must be willing to decentralize control of decision make, empower workers, and assume the role of facilitator rather than supervisor. The command and control model gives way to an talk over and support model. Flexible Workers and Flexible Work Teams In implementing socio-technical systems theory and TQM, many organizations are finding it easier to achieve their goals by using flexible workers and teams.Flexible workers can be transferred between departments and functions as demand changes. The advantages of flexible workers include quick response to e nvironmental changes reduced boredom and increased incentives for quality better misgiving by learning one anothers tasks and combining tasks to increase efficiency and reduce costs. A flexible work team is a group of workers who assume responsibility for performing all the operations necessary for completing a specified stage in the manufacturing process. A flexible work team is self-managed members jointly assign tasks and transfer from one task to another.In a flexible work team, separate teams assemble different components and turn those components over to the final-product work team, which assembles the final product. Each teams activities are driven by demands that have their origins in customer demands for the final product. (Refer to Figure 10. 3) Developments in Revolutionary Change Reengineering The term reengineering has been used to refer to the process by which managers redesign how tasks are bundled into roles and functions to improve organizational effectiveness. It involves rethinking business processes, activities that cross functional boundaries.Instead of rivet on an organizations functions in isolation from one another, managers make business processes the focus of attention. A business process is an activity that cuts across functional boundaries and is life-sustaining to the quick delivery of goods and services or that promotes high quality or low costs. Because reengineering focuses on business processes and not functions, an organization must rethink the way it approaches organizing its activities. A good example of how to use reengineering to increase functional integration comes from attempts to redesign the materials management function to improve its effectiveness.In the traditional functional design the three main components of materials managementpurchasing, production control, and distributionwere typically in separate functions and had little to do with one another. Thus coordinating their activities is difficult. Each functi on has its own hierarchy, and there are problems in both vertical and horizontal communication. Today, most organizations put all three of the functional activities involved in the materials management process inside one function. Three guidelines for performing reengineering successfully are as followsOrganize around outcomes, not tasks. 2. Have those who use the output of the process perform the process. 3. Decentralize decision making to the point where the decision is made. Reengineering and TQM are highly interrelated and complementary. E-Engineering This is a term used to refer to companies attempts to use all kinds of information systems to improve performance. The importance of e-engineering is increasing as it changes the way a company organizes its value-creation functions and links them to improve its performance. RestructuringRestructuring is a process by which managers change task and authority relationships and redesign organizational structure and culture to improve o rganizational effectiveness. Downsizing is the process by which managers streamline the organizational hierarchy and lay off managers and workers to reduce bureaucratic costs. The drive to decrease bureaucratic costs results from competitive pressures. Mergers and acquisitions in many industries, such as banking, have led to downsizing because less managers are needed. Other companies have reduced staff to match competitors.The negative do of downsizing include overworked managers and lost opportunities. Companies that fail to control growth must downsize to remain competitive. The terms anorexic or hollow are used to refer to organizations that downsized too much and have too few managers to help them grow when conditions change. Restructuring, like other change strategies, generates resistance to change. Often, the decision to downsize requires the establishment of new task and role relationships. Because this change may threaten the jobs of some workers, they resist the changes taking place.Innovation Innovation refers to the process by which organizations use their skills and resources to develop new goods and services or to develop new production and operating systems so they can better respond to the needs of their customers. 10. 4 Managing Change Action Research In Lewins view, implementing change is a three-step process (1) unfreezing the organization from its present state, (2) making the change, and (3) refreezing the organization in the new, desired state so its members do not revert to their previous work attitudes and role behavior.Action research is a strategy for generating and acquiring knowledge that managers can use to define an organizations desired future state and to plan a change program that allows the organization to reach that state. Figure 10. 6 highlights the steps in action research. Diagnosis of the Organization The first step in action research requires managers to recognize the origination of a problem that needs to be solved and acknowledge that some type of change is needed to solve it.In general, recognition of the need for change arises because somebody in the organization perceives a gap between desired performance and actual performance. Determining the Desired Future State This step also involves a difficult planning process as managers work out various alternative courses of action that could move the organization to where they would like it to be and determine what type of change to implement. Implementing Action 1. First, managers identify possible impediments to change at all levels.The second step is deciding who will be responsible for rattling making the changes and controlling the change process. The choices are to employ either external change agents or internal change agents or use some faction of both. 3. The third step is deciding which specific change strategy will most effectively unfreeze, change, and refreeze the organization. The types of change that these techniques give rise t o fall into two categories top-down change is implemented by managers at a high level in the organization, knowing that the change will reverberate at all organizational levels.Bottom-up change is implemented by employees at low levels in the organization that gradually rises until it is felt throughout the organization. Evaluating the Action The fourth step in action research is evaluating the action that has been taken and assessing the degree to which the changes have accomplished the desired objectives. The best way to evaluate the change process is to develop measures or criteria that allow managers to assess whether the organization has reached its desired objectives. Institutionalizing Action ResearchOrganizations need to institutionalize action researchthat is, make it a required habit or a norm adopted by every member of an organization. The institutionalization of action research is as necessary at the top of the organization as it is on the shop floor. Managerial Implicat ions Managers must develop criteria to evaluate whether a change is necessary, and carefully design a plan that minimizes resistance. 10. 5 Organizational Development Organizational development (OD) is a series of techniques and methods that managers can use in their action research program to increase the adaptability of their organization.The goal of OD is to improve organizational effectiveness and to help people in organizations reach their potential and realize their goals and objectives. OD Techniques to Deal with Resistance to Change Education and Communication One impediment to change is that participants are uncertain about what is going to happen. Through education and communication, internal and external agents of change can provide organizational members with information about the change and how it will affect them.Participation and Empowerment Inviting workers to participate in the change process is a popular method of reducing resistance to change. Participation comple ments empowerment, increases workers familiarity in decision making, and gives them greater autonomy to change work procedures to improve organizational performance. These are key elements of most TQM programs. People that are involved in the change and decision-making process are more likely to embrace rather than resist. Facilitation Both managers and workers find change stressful.There are several ways in which organizations can help their members to manage stress providing them with training to help them learn how to perform new tasks, providing them with time off from work to recuperate from the stressful effects of change, or even giving senior members sabbaticals. Bargaining and Negotiation Bargaining and negotiation are important tools that help managers manage conflict. Because change causes conflict, bargaining is an important tool in overcoming resistance to change. Manipulation Sometimes senior managers need to intervene, as politics shows that powerful managers have co nsiderable ability to resist change. obsession The ultimate way to eliminate resistance to change is to coerce the key players into accepting change and threaten dire consequences if they choose to resist. The disadvantage is that it can egress people angry and disenchanted and can make the refreezing process difficult. OD Techniques to Promote Change Counseling, Sensitivity Training, and Process Consultation Recognizing that each individual is different also requires them to be treated or managed differently. Sometimes, counseling will help individuals understand that their own perceptions of a situation may be incorrect.Sensitivity training is an OD technique that consists of intense counseling in which group members, aided by a facilitator, learn how others perceive them and may learn how to deal more sensitively with others. Process consultation is an OD technique in which a facilitator works closely with a manager on the job to help the manager improve his or her interactions with other group members. Team building is an OD technique in which a facilitator first observes the interactions of group members and then helps them become aware of ways to improve their work interactions.The goal of team building is to improve group processes to achieve process gains and reduce process losses that are occurring because of shrink from and freeriding. Intergroup training is an OD technique that uses team building to improve the work interactions of different functions or divisions. Its goal is to improve organizational performance by focusing on a functions or divisions joint activities and output. Organizational mirroring is an OD technique in which a facilitator helps two mutually beneficial groups explore their perceptions and relations in order to improve their work interactions.This technique is designed to get both interdependent groups to see the perspective of the other side. Appreciating others perspectives allows the groups to work together more effecti vely. Total Organizational Interventions A variety of OD techniques can be used at the organization level to promote organization-wide change. Organizational confrontation meeting is an OD technique that brings together all of the managers of an organization at a meeting to confront the issue of whether the organization is meeting its goals effectively.

The Rise of Nazism in Germany

The rise of Nazism in Germany during the 1930s was not an inconceivable happening, considering the causes and effects in play at the time. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the popular acceptance of what was later to be Nazism was oerwhelming. Nazisms evolution was methodic altogethery planned, and boldly executed. The word Nazism is defined by The elliptical Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia as the ideology and policies of Adolf Hitler and the National-Socialist German Workers ships company from 1920-1945. Subsequently, a Nazi is defined as a member of the National-Socialist German Workers party led by Adolf Hitler.Nazism had its earliest roots in an otherwise ism. This is Nationalism, the sharing of a third estate pride, belief and loyalty by a singular group of people of a nation. However, it was this sincere form of Nationalism that was later warped, and used against the majority of the German people by Adolf Hitler for their apparent good. Hitler deceived them and they d eceived themselves, all due to the ideal timing and chain of events. Prior to and during reality War One, Germany was a powerful nation with colonial interests in Africa and Alsace-Lorraine.Germany was a centre of learning, culture, medicinal drug and industry. The German government was a Parliamentary form, called the Reichstag. This system was efficient and yielded positive results for the people. Germany fielded a large and well-equipped army, led for decades by Generals of the Aristocracy. This all changed after Germany lost World War One, and especially after that fact was repeatedly emphasized. Due to the armys defeat, there was a loss of more than 3 million passs and unaccountable civilians. This meant the passing of intimately of an entire generation of workers, fathers, husbands and sons.Consequently, there came a loss of faith in the hoidenishs leadership. When the conformity of Versailles terms were creation discussed, Germany was not welcomed, the countrys leaders were needed only for their signature. They were expect to agree to the terms without question, which they ultimately did. The Germans referred to the treaty as a Diktat, which meant dictated peace. This reflects the feeling of the German people well-nigh being disregarded by other countries.Field Marshall Hindenburg said the following In the event of resumption of hostilities we back tooth efend our frontiers in the east. In the west, however, we can scarcely count on being able to withstand a serious offensive The success of the operation as a whole is very doubtful, yet as a soldier I cannot help feeling that it is better to die honourably than accept a disgraceful peace. This was the general public opinion nobody approved of the treaty, but if they did not accept it, they could no longer survive the combined powers of The United States, Great Britain and France, along with Belgium and other relatively small European countries.Even if the theory was there to not sign the treat y, the country had no choice because the consequences were too debilitating. This implied to the German people that Germany, in its present state, was a worthless country that can be pushed around by the others, and was unable to defend itself. The psyche of the people further worsened beginning in 1922 due to the French, who had invaded Germany because the country failed to make its second base reparation payment. The French took over the most industrialized area, the Ruhr Valley, where they assumed possession of coalmines, railways and factories.To add to the fact that the German country was losing their largest source of wealth to another country that stole the area, prices were quickly rising as an effect. The price of a loaf of bread rose from half a mark in 1918 to 201,000 million mark in 1923. The Germans were unable to feed themselves and their families because of this hyperinflation. This caused more deaths and suffering among the people and further disappointed them. In 1923, Hitler made his first attempt to overthrow the German government.He was supported by many and began a Putsch, an attempt to seize power by force, in Munich. The government had Hitler arrested for treason and sentenced to five years in prison. Although he served only nine months of his sentence, he had enough time to gather his thoughts and organize the plan he would need in order to rise to power over German people. During this time he wrote Mein Kampf, which was the beginning of his explanation of his hopes and dreams for Germany. His time away from society was just what he needed and without it, would probably not have capture the dictator he later became.When Hitler came out of prison, he began offering the people what seemed to be an attractive alternative to their suffering. Some of his alleged goals were to ensure the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, cease non-German immigration, the abolition of income unless it was earned through work, increase profit sharing an d to allow only members of the German nation to work as newspaper owners, editors, and journalists and tuner broadcasters. Hitlers ten goals had a goal of themselves, to make German people feel appreciated, important, and superior.This certainly appealed to a population of desperate individuals who would have accepted just about anybody as a leader. Not only were the people gaining hope because they saw a new face, but this face was willing to change Germany in their favour, he wanted Germany to be a better place for them. Hitlers exaggerations certainly improved his odds of becoming a dictator. The economy played an important role in Hitlers rise. As the economy became more unstable, the Nazis won more seats in the Reichstag. In 1924, as the economy was unstable due to the French invasion, the Nazis had 32 seats.The function dropped in 1924 to 14 seats, as the economy slowly recovered and then again in 1928 to 12 seats, as the recovery process sped up. However, in 1930, as the wo rld was suffering due to 1929s stock market crash, the party owned 107 seats. Then, in 1932, the number rose once again to 230 seats as colossal unemployment became a harsh reality. In January 1933, Hitler came to power legally. The most important move he made was the passing of The Enabling Laws. This allowed Hitler to make laws without having them approved by the Reichstag.This is when Hitler very became a dictator. Hitlers rise to power can be accounted for by his luck of appearing at a time when the people of his country were discouraged and desperate, and his twisted, driven drive. Hitler took advantage of the times and without them being what they were, he would have never became a dictator. He united the German people by assigning to them a common foe, and a goal, to rid themselves of this foe. He allowed for his people somebody to blame and resent, which took the hatred away from its original destination, the German government.The death of a generation of men, the loss of a war, the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, mounting inflation, the worldwide economic crisis, the lack of faith in the past government and Hitlers deceiving promises are the causes of his rise to power. He was a frightfully determined man who managed to leave Germany in a state worse than it was when he promised to improve it, without ever losing the faith of his followers. The Nazi party, led by Adolf Hitler had dreams of a thousand year Reich. Thankfully, Nazism lasted only twenty-five years. At the end of World War 2, the Nazi party was outlawed.

Coco Cola Internal Analysis

Internal Analysis Coca-Cola is the worlds largest drinks company, with giant and pissed advantages of global war-riddenness, brand go for has been popularity, in the market share high school. Coca-Cola offers a unique combination of organizational and physical resources that support its favorable operating results. Strengths The highest scores for the companys strengths include the high ability of innovation, research, and development.Coca-Cola has created a strong brand for itself in the drinking industry, and provides a competitive advantage over other players in the market. They use the unique piquantness and price strategy to attract more customers. Weaknesses Coke contains caffeine and other components, this is a slightly bad places that compared with other health drinks, such as milk. And it easys to gravel fat. And its a large organization, not easy to manage, and less use of celebrity advertising, decrease attraction. Our Industry overviewThe definition for soft drink industry includes manufacturing non-alcoholic, carbonated beverages, mineral waters and concentrates and syrups for the manufacture of carbonated beverages. The worlds top 10 soft drink companies by market share (2009) are Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Nestle, Sunstory, Dr Pepper Snapple, scarlet Bull, Danone, Kirin, Asahi Breweries, Ito En. Internal Threats With regard to the negociate power of buyers, it must be noted that there exists a low switching cost. This will give consumers more negociate power.However, on the other hand, the limited alternative goods will lower buyers bargaining power. The last force indicator to estimate the degree of internal competition is the bargaining power of suppliers. Obviously, there are plenty of substitutes for sugar, one of the main ingredients in manufacturing beverage concentrates and syrups. In addition, various materials are also available for packaging. Under these circumstances, suppliers in the soft drink industry have less bargaining power. The Coca? Cola Company is the worlds leading beverage manufacturing company. It possesses a strong brand name and brand portfolio. It operates in more than 200 countries and markets with more than 500 brands and 3,500 beverage products. Coca-Colas market leadership and industry-leading brands provide an exceptional competitive advantage and in turn enhance its bargaining power. Above all, operation activities, marketing activities are critical for success in our industry.

The Wasp Factory and American Psycho Protagonist Comparison

The pens of Ameri goat Psycho and The white Anglo-Saxon Protestant pulverization present their title-holders Patrick Bateman and stark(a) Cauldhame to reserve rattling similar personalities. How far do you agree? Ameri bunghole Psycho and The white Anglo-Saxon Protestant Factory atomic number 18 two contr everyplacesial dark novels in which the protagonist gets a course with murder. They were published solo vii years apart, The Wasp Factory being the first. The Wasp Factory was Iain Banks first published novel, and was released into the conservative United region in 1984, which would involve coolly au pasttic it.This era of the United Kingdom did non approve of horror, especially when the protagonist remained uncaught. However, the book gained a great admit of attention and publicity via its tilt, and has maintained popularity passim the years. Ameri eject Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis was originally published in 1991. At this time at that place was great controversy over its termination of gore and sexy scenes, so much so that Ellis received numerous death threats and hate mail after its publication.Both protagonists narrate their authors novel and each appears to reflect their author himself. However, the protagonists clash with each other when it comes to their settings, needs and reasons for behaviour. This gifts how the personalities of both Patrick Bateman and unmannerly Claudhame are presented contrastively by their authors. On the other hand, there are slipway in which Bateman and bluff are presented to bring similar personalities. For instance, they are both obsessive, misogynistic, clear the desire to annihilate and have an abnormal mind set.These factors imply a strong similarity between Patrick Bateman from American Psycho and wiener from The Wasp Factory, sluice though their upbringing and personal portionistics more(prenominal) than than often differ. Due to this, the authoritative extent of similarity between th eir personalities is hard to distinguish. Through Batemans narration in American Psycho the ratifier learns of his career on Wall Street and everyday liveliness in great detail. For model, when describing to the reader his morning routine, the yuppie states how he uses a deep pore cleanser lotion a water activated gel cleanser, then a honey almond body scrub.This shows the true extent of unnecessary detail that he allow for go into. As soundly as this, from the very start of the novel the reader is introduced to this rich and perfected lifestyle in New York of this self-absorbed character who thinks of himself to always look great, be superior to everyone else and constantly try to maintain his hierarchy within society. Ellis starts the novel with Bateman and his friends at a posh dinner party this immediately poses his wealthy lifestyle that Ellis is trying to portray.As con nerverably as this, Bateman showing off his platinum American Express Card demonstrates his feelin g of superiority. This provides the reader with a strong rather detri psychological impression of Bateman as a rich, selfish, predatory man living in New York. This lifestyle can adjoin to that of Ellis himself, a man who isnt touched by the recent recession, in his late twenties and living in the city that never sleeps. As well as this, like Ellis, Batemans parents are divorced. Validating this, Ellis has withal admitted in an inter visual sense that Patrick Bateman was active me.In contrast to Batemans lifestyle is coarses. Frank is half-educated and lives in an isolated unsung island off the Scottish playground slide. Frank is only sixteen, unemployed and greatly controlled by his father. This can be said to relate to the life of Iain Banks, who lived in a slim vill mount up on the Scottish coast and moved roughly due to his fathers work. As well as this, Banks was sixteen when he perfect his first book, indicating why he ability have chosen this period for Frank. He also spends most of his time with the wildlife torturing, killing, collecting and sacrificing animals.In addition to this Frank entertains himself with his desire and talks to his wasp factory. When Frank plays games such(prenominal) as building the dams and chooses which of the imaginary people live or die. Here the reader chances his small fryish and dark side as well as how there is little for him to actually do on the island. This also relates to Banks as he must have been very imaginative at Franks age as he was writing. In relation to this, making him seem incapable of his own choices, Angus has a gigantic amount of control over Frank.For example he home-schooled him, limiting his contact with society he constantly tests him on the measurements of the furniture in their house and uses the point of their dog, Old Saul, to cover up Franks veridical identity. This shows the great contrast between Batemans busy city life and of Franks in the rural as well as the contrast of their authors lives. However, the protagonists Frank and Patrick do have things in common, such as compulsions and their love of control. Both Patrick and Frank have obsessions which are seen end-to-end through the novels. Ellis uses Patrick Bateman to demonstrate the obsessions which one king have.Most of Batemans obsessions are very artificial, such as his obsessions over designer brands and technology. Patricks obsession to keep up to date stamp with the latest technology, such as VCR, CDs and Walkmans, reflects the lifestyle of many an(prenominal) Americans living 1980s-1990s. This demonstrates Ellis using Patricks obsessions to connect with the readers of his novel. Patrick also obsesses over taking care of himself which can be shown via his balanced diet and rigorous exercise routine and his detailed daily movements which link to his obsession of detail and routine.His stimulant stating how he only uses an after drop lotion with little or no alcohol, because alcohol dr ies your face out and makes you look older, further validates his obsession over appearance and health. Ellis places the information of Patricks obsessions from the very start of the novel to increase their impact upon the reader and to truly reveal their importance to Patrick. Throughout the novel, Ellis also portrays Batemans true love and need for control. The reader sees this many times, for instance the control he can have over peoples lives. He is always control of a life.Even when he cant control himself, (which often occurs when committing murder), he is smooth controlling the life of his victim. This thought process of control is used by Ellis to demonstrate the power Bateman feels, and needs to feel, he has. alike to Patrick, Franks obsessions are frequently mentioned throughout The Wasp Factory however nigh of Franks obsessions are different to Patricks. Frank appears to have an obsession with animals and torture. Throughout the book we see how Frank is fascinated by a nimals and collects their frame suggesting that Frank is obsessed with animals.In addition to this, Frank is shown to be obsessed with killing and torturing. For instance, within the novel he states how he once tied wasps to the striking-surface of each of the copper-coloured bells on his timidity clock where the little hammer would hit them when the alarm went off, and that he always woke up before his alarm went off, so he got to watch. This shows Franks dark mind consisting of thoughts about death, torture and the need for control over others, like Bateman.This shows the reader how even young minds can think this sadistically. alike to this, the reader learns of Franks need for control when he is placing signs around their private property to warn off intruders. This demonstrates a way in which Frank feels its of the essence(p) to control people and his fathers property. Franks overly meticulous attention to detail also connects with Patricks obsessions. Like Bateman this can be seen in the description of his grooming routine which, like Patrick, is the selfsame(prenominal) every time.These obsessions show a similarity between Patrick and Franks personalities, demonstrating how Ellis and Banks present their protagonists in a similar manner even though they have different lifestyles. In conjunction to this, both Ellis and Banks show their protagonists to have misogynistic attitudes further presenting them to have similar personalities with one another. Frank states how his greatest enemies are Women and the sea and that Women are weak and stupid and live in the shadow of men and are nothing compared to them, expressing Franks misogynist collect towards women.Showing Batemans views on women are his comments such as youre a fucking ugly bitch and you piece of bitch trash. These comments are used by Ellis to portray Bateman to have an aggressive misogynistic view. This shows a way in which the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists to have similar nature traits as they are both sexist and have anger towards women. However, saying this both Bateman and Frank show misogynistic behaviour for different reasons. Franks hatred towards women has stemmed from his father who independently brought Frank and his brothers up.Angus dislikes women so much so that he changes Franks gender from fe antheral to male and leads him to state how he hates his mother her name, the idea of her. In contrast to this, Batemans misogynistic behaviour is based more on the idea of dominance, lust and control. This shows a way in which Ellis and Banks portray their protagonists to have contrasting personalities with each other, disagreeing with the statement. Although Bateman and Frank have contrasting lifestyles a ten year age gap different obsessions and versions of hate towards women they both have one pastime in common killing.Their murderous ways and attitudes towards it present Frank and Patrick to have mental disabilit ies like that of a sociopath and psychopath. For instance, Bateman and Frank both display symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, (which is a factor of both psychopathic and sociopathic behaviour). As well as this, they both display a high predisposition to violence, maybe Patrick more erratically, and a tendency to act impulsively when it comes to crime, which a psychopath can display. In addition to this, both protagonists denudation it hard to distinguish between reality and fantasy.This, and his psychopathic ways, can be shown when Frank states how he must be lots of different people wrong his brain. Banks uses Franks psychopathic and sociopathic behaviour to show the importance of parenting, stability and connections within society that a child needs to be able to federal agency adequately. Patricks confusion with reality is also shown to the reader. For instance, as said by Andrew Jacobsen, (a literacy critic), the supposed real world around him becomes as one with his insane conception world.As well as this the mystery of the bodies at the end of the novel can be said to demonstrate Batemans misperception of reality. Due to this, Ellis and Banks can be seen to portray their protagonists to have similar personalities. This is because they are presented to be mentally ill and confused with reality. In connection to this, both protagonists show a lack of empathy towards their victims, and are able to commit a crime and act as though its the norm and not really a crime at all. For example in The Wasp Factory Frank states how he killed Esmerelda because she was simply the easiest and most obvious target.This simple view and minimal motive for murder displays Franks lack of empathy, and expresses his absence of perception that murder is abnormal or object lessonly wrong. Iain Banks presents Frank in this way to illustrate how cold, cruel and absent-minded humans can be, even the young. In relation to this, Bateman sleeping with and killing girls whi lst in a relationship with Evelyn as well as the homeless and young shows his lack of moral rights and care towards others. Furthermore, Patrick crimes are opportunistic with little or no motive, normally due to urges, lust or as a means of superiority.Bateman commits these crimes without hesitation, suggesting that to him it is just the norm. as well demonstrating Patricks dark personality, lack of empathy and morals he jokingly says how he is into, uh, well, murders and executions, mostly. This comment and others similar to it demonstrate to the reader Patricks sinister view on his murders thus, they are used by Ellis to cause the reader to despise Patrick yet be slightly entertain by his satirical sense of humour. These similarities suggest that the personalities of the protagonists from American Psycho and The Wasp Factory are presented in the same way.To conclude, I entrust that the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists to have personalit ies which are similar with each other as well as dissimilar. Aspects such as their lifestyles having different obsessions and reasons for being misogynistic present a complete contrast between Patricks and Franks life, and their personalities. This is because their lifestyles can lead them to desiring different effects. This links to obsessions, as for example, Frank obsesses over animals but Patrick doesnt, as there are a lot less in the city.Also, Bateman, who unlike Frank has frequent contact with people, obsesses more over appearance and health. As well as this, there reasons for being misogynistic are due to their upbringing and the environment surrounding them. This shows how lifestyle and upbringing can affect ones personality traits such as their obsessions. Therefore, this demonstrates how lifestyle is a key subject which has been used by Ellis and Banks to present their protagonists personalities in different ways, which also results in other personality traits being diffe rent too.However, both the protagonists have similar obsessions with one another have a desire to kill personality traits suggesting they have mental issues and misogynistic views resulting in them having similar personalities with each other. These are very strong personality traits which all connect Frank and Patrick closely together, even though there are some ways in which they are dissimilar. Therefore, I believe to a great extent that the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists Patrick Bateman and Frank Claudhame to have very similar personalities.The Wasp Factory And American Psycho Protagonist ComparisonThe authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists Patrick Bateman and Frank Cauldhame to have very similar personalities. How far do you agree? American Psycho and The Wasp Factory are two controversial dark novels in which the protagonist gets away with murder. They were published only seven years apart, The Wa sp Factory being the first. The Wasp Factory was Iain Banks first published novel, and was released into the conservative United Kingdom in 1984, which would have coolly accepted it.This era of the United Kingdom did not approve of horror, especially when the protagonist remained uncaught. However, the book gained a great deal of attention and publicity via its controversy, and has maintained popularity throughout the years. American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis was originally published in 1991. At this time there was great controversy over its extent of gore and pornographic scenes, so much so that Ellis received numerous death threats and hate mail after its publication.Both protagonists narrate their authors novel and each appears to mirror their author himself. However, the protagonists clash with each other when it comes to their settings, needs and reasons for behaviour. This demonstrates how the personalities of both Patrick Bateman and Frank Claudhame are presented differentl y by their authors. On the other hand, there are ways in which Bateman and Frank are presented to have similar personalities. For instance, they are both obsessive, misogynistic, have the desire to kill and have an abnormal mind set.These factors suggest a strong similarity between Patrick Bateman from American Psycho and Frank from The Wasp Factory, even though their upbringing and personal characteristics more than often differ. Due to this, the true extent of similarity between their personalities is hard to distinguish. Through Batemans narration in American Psycho the reader learns of his career on Wall Street and everyday life in great detail. For example, when describing to the reader his morning routine, the yuppie states how he uses a deep pore cleanser lotion a water activated gel cleanser, then a honey almond body scrub.This shows the true extent of unnecessary detail that he will go into. As well as this, from the very start of the novel the reader is introduced to this rich and perfected lifestyle in New York of this self-absorbed character who thinks of himself to always look great, be superior to everyone else and constantly try to maintain his hierarchy within society. Ellis starts the novel with Bateman and his friends at a posh dinner party this immediately demonstrates his wealthy lifestyle that Ellis is trying to portray.As well as this, Bateman showing off his platinum American Express Card demonstrates his feeling of superiority. This provides the reader with a strong rather negative impression of Bateman as a rich, selfish, predatory man living in New York. This lifestyle can relate to that of Ellis himself, a man who isnt affected by the recent recession, in his late twenties and living in the city that never sleeps. As well as this, like Ellis, Batemans parents are divorced. Validating this, Ellis has even admitted in an interview that Patrick Bateman was about me.In contrast to Batemans lifestyle is Franks. Frank is half-educated and lives in an isolated unnamed island off the Scottish coast. Frank is only sixteen, unemployed and greatly controlled by his father. This can be said to relate to the life of Iain Banks, who lived in a small village on the Scottish coast and moved around due to his fathers work. As well as this, Banks was sixteen when he completed his first book, indicating why he might have chosen this age for Frank. He also spends most of his time with the wildlife torturing, killing, collecting and sacrificing animals.In addition to this Frank entertains himself with his imagination and talks to his wasp factory. When Frank plays games such as building the dams and chooses which of the imaginary people live or die. Here the reader sees his childish and dark side as well as how there is little for him to actually do on the island. This also relates to Banks as he must have been very imaginative at Franks age as he was writing. In relation to this, making him seem incapable of his own choices, Angu s has a huge amount of control over Frank.For example he home-schooled him, limiting his contact with society he constantly tests him on the measurements of the furniture in their house and uses the story of their dog, Old Saul, to cover up Franks real identity. This shows the great contrast between Batemans busy city life and of Franks in the rural as well as the contrast of their authors lives. However, the protagonists Frank and Patrick do have things in common, such as obsessions and their love of control. Both Patrick and Frank have obsessions which are seen throughout through the novels. Ellis uses Patrick Bateman to demonstrate the obsessions which one might have.Most of Batemans obsessions are very artificial, such as his obsessions over designer brands and technology. Patricks obsession to keep up to date with the latest technology, such as VCR, CDs and Walkmans, reflects the lifestyle of many Americans living 1980s-1990s. This demonstrates Ellis using Patricks obsessions t o connect with the readers of his novel. Patrick also obsesses over taking care of himself which can be shown via his balanced diet and rigorous exercise routine and his detailed daily movements which link to his obsession of detail and routine.His comment stating how he only uses an after shave lotion with little or no alcohol, because alcohol dries your face out and makes you look older, further validates his obsession over appearance and health. Ellis places the information of Patricks obsessions from the very start of the novel to increase their impact upon the reader and to truly reveal their importance to Patrick. Throughout the novel, Ellis also portrays Batemans true love and need for control. The reader sees this many times, for instance the control he can have over peoples lives. He is always control of a life.Even when he cant control himself, (which often occurs when committing murder), he is still controlling the life of his victim. This idea of control is used by Ellis to demonstrate the power Bateman feels, and needs to feel, he has. Similarly to Patrick, Franks obsessions are frequently mentioned throughout The Wasp Factory however some of Franks obsessions are different to Patricks. Frank appears to have an obsession with animals and torture. Throughout the book we see how Frank is fascinated by animals and collects their remains suggesting that Frank is obsessed with animals.In addition to this, Frank is shown to be obsessed with killing and torturing. For instance, within the novel he states how he once tied wasps to the striking-surface of each of the copper-coloured bells on his alarm clock where the little hammer would hit them when the alarm went off, and that he always woke up before his alarm went off, so he got to watch. This shows Franks dark mind consisting of thoughts about death, torture and the need for control over others, like Bateman.This shows the reader how even young minds can think this sadistically. Similarly to this, th e reader learns of Franks need for control when he is placing signs around their private property to warn off intruders. This demonstrates a way in which Frank feels its essential to control people and his fathers property. Franks overly meticulous attention to detail also connects with Patricks obsessions. Like Bateman this can be seen in the description of his grooming routine which, like Patrick, is the same every time.These obsessions show a similarity between Patrick and Franks personalities, demonstrating how Ellis and Banks present their protagonists in a similar manner even though they have different lifestyles. In conjunction to this, both Ellis and Banks show their protagonists to have misogynistic attitudes further presenting them to have similar personalities with one another. Frank states how his greatest enemies are Women and the sea and that Women are weak and stupid and live in the shadow of men and are nothing compared to them, expressing Franks misogynist view towa rds women.Showing Batemans views on women are his comments such as youre a fucking ugly bitch and you piece of bitch trash. These comments are used by Ellis to portray Bateman to have an aggressive misogynistic view. This shows a way in which the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists to have similar personality traits as they are both sexist and have anger towards women. However, saying this both Bateman and Frank show misogynistic behaviour for different reasons. Franks hatred towards women has stemmed from his father who independently brought Frank and his brothers up.Angus dislikes women so much so that he changes Franks gender from female to male and leads him to state how he hates his mother her name, the idea of her. In contrast to this, Batemans misogynistic behaviour is based more on the idea of dominance, lust and control. This shows a way in which Ellis and Banks portray their protagonists to have contrasting personalities with each oth er, disagreeing with the statement. Although Bateman and Frank have contrasting lifestyles a ten year age gap different obsessions and versions of hate towards women they both have one pastime in common killing.Their murderous ways and attitudes towards it present Frank and Patrick to have mental disabilities like that of a sociopath and psychopath. For instance, Bateman and Frank both display symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, (which is a factor of both psychopathic and sociopathic behaviour). As well as this, they both display a high predisposition to violence, maybe Patrick more erratically, and a tendency to act impulsively when it comes to crime, which a psychopath can display. In addition to this, both protagonists find it hard to distinguish between reality and fantasy.This, and his psychopathic ways, can be shown when Frank states how he must be lots of different people inside his brain. Banks uses Franks psychopathic and sociopathic behaviour to show the importanc e of parenting, stability and connections within society that a child needs to be able to function adequately. Patricks confusion with reality is also shown to the reader. For instance, as said by Andrew Jacobsen, (a literacy critic), the supposed real world around him becomes as one with his insane imagination world.As well as this the mystery of the bodies at the end of the novel can be said to demonstrate Batemans misperception of reality. Due to this, Ellis and Banks can be seen to portray their protagonists to have similar personalities. This is because they are presented to be mentally ill and confused with reality. In connection to this, both protagonists show a lack of empathy towards their victims, and are able to commit a crime and act as though its the norm and not really a crime at all. For example in The Wasp Factory Frank states how he killed Esmerelda because she was simply the easiest and most obvious target.This simple view and minimal motive for murder displays Fra nks lack of empathy, and expresses his absence of perception that murder is abnormal or morally wrong. Iain Banks presents Frank in this way to illustrate how cold, cruel and absent-minded humans can be, even the young. In relation to this, Bateman sleeping with and killing girls whilst in a relationship with Evelyn as well as the homeless and young shows his lack of moral rights and care towards others. Furthermore, Patrick crimes are opportunistic with little or no motive, normally due to urges, lust or as a means of superiority.Bateman commits these crimes without hesitation, suggesting that to him it is just the norm. Also demonstrating Patricks dark personality, lack of empathy and morals he jokingly says how he is into, uh, well, murders and executions, mostly. This comment and others similar to it demonstrate to the reader Patricks sinister view on his murders thus, they are used by Ellis to cause the reader to despise Patrick yet be slightly amused by his satirical sense of humour. These similarities suggest that the personalities of the protagonists from American Psycho and The Wasp Factory are presented in the same way.To conclude, I believe that the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists to have personalities which are similar with each other as well as dissimilar. Aspects such as their lifestyles having different obsessions and reasons for being misogynistic present a complete contrast between Patricks and Franks life, and their personalities. This is because their lifestyles can lead them to desiring different effects. This links to obsessions, as for example, Frank obsesses over animals but Patrick doesnt, as there are a lot less in the city.Also, Bateman, who unlike Frank has frequent contact with people, obsesses more over appearance and health. As well as this, there reasons for being misogynistic are due to their upbringing and the environment surrounding them. This shows how lifestyle and upbringing can af fect ones personality traits such as their obsessions. Therefore, this demonstrates how lifestyle is a key subject which has been used by Ellis and Banks to present their protagonists personalities in different ways, which also results in other personality traits being different too.However, both the protagonists have similar obsessions with one another have a desire to kill personality traits suggesting they have mental issues and misogynistic views resulting in them having similar personalities with each other. These are very strong personality traits which all connect Frank and Patrick closely together, even though there are some ways in which they are dissimilar. Therefore, I believe to a great extent that the authors of American Psycho and The Wasp Factory present their protagonists Patrick Bateman and Frank Claudhame to have very similar personalities.