Kurdish Conflict Regulation

Kurdish Conflict Regulation1.4. Definitions As Milton- Edwards says, in front examining the specific manifestations of the important subject, it is all-important(prenominal) to outline some of otherwise important link definitions (2008). To analyze and discuss Kurdish meshing rule in the Republic of dud, unrivaled needs to define bomb calorimeters brass in relation to the Kurds as an heathenishal minority in that country. heathenity and its related issues be important plentiful for scholars to consider it as single of main forces to shape the homosexuals. look claims culturality and patriotism, inter pagan involutions, and secessionist movements lose been major(ip) forces shaping the modern world and the structure and stability of contemporary dry lands (1991). Zuelow in Nationalism Journals like Brass near national identity and its potency says national identity has been one of the principals force shaping the course of report, certainly since the French Rev olution (1999). In addition, he believes that national identity has played a key office staff in revolutions, wars and state-formation (Ibid).When people of different ethnicity are living in one territory and one group generally has the majority rule on other groups in non- pop ways, it is the starting point of battle. Bruce Gilley defined ethnic remainder as sustained and violent betrothal by ethnically different actors in which the issue is integral to one ethnicity (2004, 1160). In the same source, he uses other terms such as ethnic violence or ethnic war for ethnic contravene (Ibid, 1155).Ethnic conflict command is the other term should be defined here. There are many another(prenominal) definitions for ethnic conflict formula in different quoteences. Wolff believes conflict mandate comp rise ups three elements prevention, management, and settlement Conflict prevention aims at channeling conflict into non-violent appearance by providing incentives for peaceful accom modation. Conflict management is the attempt to contain, limit or direct the effects of an ongoing ethnic conflict. Conflict settlement aims at establishing an institutional framework in which the conflicting interests of different ethnic groups mickle be accommodated to extent the incentives to non-violent and cooperation condition (2009, 1).Ilievski Wolff define ethnic conflict regulation through institutional design that conflicts can be resolved via an institutional bargain that establishes macro-level structures through which disputes among the conflict secernateies can be addressed governmentally and without recourse to violence (2010, 5-6). McGarry and OLeary claim, The term of regulation is inclusive and it covers both conflict termination and conflict management. Eight distinct macro-methods of ethnic conflict regulation can be distinguished into twain methods for eliminating differences and methods for managing differences (1993, 4).The Republic of Turkey was founded on the main principles, or six arrows, of Kemalism. These principles are republicanism, nationalism, secularism, populism, statism and revolutionism (Los Angeles Times 2014). Kemal Ataturk and his followers ease up defined Turkey as a pro-Western, modern and parliamentary country. The twain subjects of ethnic minority rights and Islamism, based on two principles of Turkish nationalism and secularism, were taboo for many decades. The Welfare society in the general election for the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) in 1995 captured the majority of seats. Necmettin Erbakan came to personnel as the first Islamist Prime Minister in the Republic of Turkey in 1996. Although the age of his Cabinet was just one year, it was enough to set out the taboo of the secularism principle as a ban for Islamist political parties. Nonetheless, the old age of 1990s and zals speeches about Kurdish people as an ethnic minority in Turkey, can be looked as a starting point, at least one decade w as needed to start to give up the one-nation-one- state idea in Turkey.In respect of Kurdish ethnic regulation in Turkey, the definition of Double Standard seems to fit with institutions and radical laws in Turkey. Double standard is a situation in which two people or groups are treated very differently from to each one other in a way that is unfair to one of them (merriam-webster lexicon 2014) or a set of principles that applies differently and usually much than purely to one group of people or circumstances than to another (QA.com) and (Ibid).Park, referring to Guney (2006-2007) and Uslu (2008a) says, a major explanatory factor behind Turkeys tube to the adoption of more contrition to the Armenian fate, or a more inclusive embracing of its Kurdish citizens, is the intensity of Turkish nationalism (2012, 23). The Turkish history thesis insist that the Turks of central Asia constituted the worlds first obligingized people, who had provided the root of all other world civili zations (Park 2012,23). Associated with the history thesis was the Sun actors line opening which claims that Turks were the originators of language itself and that all other languages were thus derived from or linked to it (Cagaptay 2002 Arkman 2006) (Park 2012,24).Security systems, militaristic approaches, economic and human rights conditions in West and Center of the country, or overall for Turks, has been different from non-Turk minorities in Turkey. Kurds, as approximately 20% of Turkeys population, hire been forbidden from the basic rights for about one century. In the meantime, supporting the rights of the Turkish language population as citizens of other countries has been one of the main principles of Turkeys Foreign Policies. These types of different approaches can be described as forms of a double standard indemnity. Sometimes these twofold policies have caused conflict for Turkey and have pushed the country from a zero-problem to a zero-friend situation.Park, when def ining the Republic of Turkey, refers to Yavuz and Eposito (2003xx1) in that they claim when Ataturk died in 1938, Kemalism was neither democratic nor liberal moreover Authoritarian, elitist, and ideological (2012, 13). However, Urrutia and Villellas look at Turkey as a consolidating democracy (2012, 2) in their description of Turkeys system.Gulcan Saglam (2012) looks at Turkey under(a) the rule of AKP as a semi-democratic state that whitethorn be more compatible with the current conditions in Turkey and utilitarian for this study. A semi-democratic state is defined as a state that has democratic principles and an authoritarian rule in practice at the same time, but they are neither entirely authoritarian nor fully democratic. The semi-democratic state, by Akinola (2013) definition, is a state that supports democracy as an idea, but fails to reach the application of its principles.The principles of independence speech and association, free and fair election as well as transparency in government constitute essential characters of the democratic state.Saglam says in semi-democratic political settings with strong authoritarian actors, political parties that build all-embracing coalitions consisting of various supply centers in the society via group specific policy promises will be more likely to shift the balance of power in favor of themselves than actors that lack such connections (2012, 37-8). He believes The AKP is the first Islamist political party in Turkey that pursued this strategy, and it was these group-specific policy promises that eventually helped the Party to repel the Kemalist state structure and shift the balance of power in favor of itself (Ibid).1.5. The Problem and RationaleEthnic identity and ethnic conflict have been the more or less complicated issues among societies and have remained as double take for ties in domestic, regional and world(prenominal) levels, especially in developing countries. Ethnic conflict has a connection and int errelation with other themes such as gender, political economy and democratisation in different aspects (Milton-Edwards 2008, 1). Beavis asserts that ethnic conflict studies can be seen as a source for understanding international relations but single book concept or theory is not able to explain such a complex phenomenon in its entirety (1999-2012). Ethnic conflict is often considered as a local anaesthetic or intra-state issue, but indeed, it has had effect on both intra-state and inter-state relations.The Uppsala Conflict data Program (UCDP) answers the question How many conflicts were there in the world in 2011? (UCDP 2011) and clarifies the number and rank of intrastate conflicts in comparison to other kinds of conflict in that year, claiming that in 2011, UCDP recorded 37 active fortify conflicts(Ibid). found on the same source, from thirty-seven armed conflicts in 2011 that took place in 30 different parts of the world, 27 of them were intrastate, nine intrastate with ab road involvement. Cambodia-Thailand (common border) was the only case among them registered as interstate conflict. Turkey was among five sum Eastern countries having intrastate Kurdish conflict that it did not introduce to a level of war until 2011.The above chart from UCDP (2013) shows the type and number of armed conflicts from 1946-2012. It shows the extra state conflict just until 1974, interstate conflicts have lessen and internationalized conflicts have had slow increase since 2004. However, the add up of intrastate conflicts have had large increase especially from the 1960s.In comparison with international wars from 1950s, Civil Wars have been more frequent and more durable. Ethnic wars have been main part of civil wars. For exemplify, 55% in 1970 and 72% in 1991 of civil wars have been ethnic wars. During the 1990s, more than 200 ethnic minorities or subordinate majorities in the world have struggled to achieve their political rights ( Johnson 2008).Caselli and Coleman refer to Fearon and Laitin (2003) in that from 1945 to 1999, the numbers of ethnic civil wars have been 58, equal to 51% of all civil wars in that period and they believe that more silent and worth noting are the non-violent conflicts (2011). In some countries, ethnic groups compete through overtly ethnic parties, and compete for power, but in others, a dominant group discriminates against and exploits the others (Ibid). Esman (1994, 229) believes when an ethnic group gains control of the state, important economic assets are soon transferred to the members of that fellowship (Ibid 2011, 2).Gilley disagrees with some definitions of the concept of ethnic conflict and looks at it as a critic, but, he accepts the richness and widespread of this conflict in reality. He looks the rise amount of researches and faculty member studies in this field as a major growth industry and he has made reference to the number of make books and online articles in specific periods in comparison with previous periods. He claims that the ethnic conflict issue is a more attractive subject to be studied by cutting journals and research centers. He announces that the numbers of create books and online articles in the English language under the title of ethnic conflict have been 43 books since 1990 in comparison to 17 before that and 249 online academic English-language articles with the title of ethnic conflict, but just 23 articles under the class conflict title for the same years (2004).McGarry and OLeary refer to deep geo-political changes in different parts of the world, especially in Africa for instance in Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe and finally in South Africa by extinction of Apartheid government activity in the last decades of 20th century. All of them show the power of ethnicity to diffuse populations and create mass movements to redefine the borders. They say, The renewed instability of state frontiers is precisely one symptom of the global political power of ethnic understanding and conflict (1993, 2), and they say, a reason why ethnic questions are potentially explosive, and raise the possibility that some people(s) will be tempted to exercise self-government through secession is simple. Ethnic questions raise relatively non-tradable issues. It is obvious nationality, language territorial homelands and culture are not bargain-able products (Ibid 1993). Previous explanations and definitions show the importance and role of ethnicity, nationalism and ethnic conflicts and its rank in academic research.Kurdish ethnic conflict is one of the most complex issues in the mall East. Kurds have struggled for more than one century for freedom and to achieve self-government in Kurdish regions. The states that have controlled parts of Kurdistan have denied, suppressed and assimilated Kurds. It has brought reproachful consequences for all sides. Turkey as having approximately 20% of its population as Kurdish minority, basing i ts state on Kemalism ideology and Turkish nationalism, has been one of the most atrocious regimes against Kurdish political movements. The bloody violence from 1984 between PKK and Turkeys military has taken place. The consequences of that war have been more than 40,000 deaths, more disabled people, imprisonment and millions forced to be immigrants and refugees.In the past fewer years, Turkey with PKK and its in jailed leader, Abdulla calan, has entered into peace negotiations. This subject is a new opening in Turkish nationalism. The first sign of change was in the speeches of statesmen about the Kurdish ethnic conflict regulation, back in the 1990s and zal who believed in a multicultural society for Turkey. The most behavioral and mulish changes have been attributable to Erdogan and the AKP administration from 2002 to 2014. This current issue and its effect on the Kurdish political condition in Turkey and other countries and the democratization process in local and regional real ms, has become worthy enough for academic research study.

The Borat Rodeo Scene Analysis Film Studies Essay

The Borat Rodeo Scene Analysis consume Studies EssayThe motion picture Borat Cultural Learnings of the States for Make Benefit splendiferous Nation of Kazakhstan. is a Mockumentary about a Kazakhstan state television newsman named Borat brings his broken English and chauvinism to America to make a documentary film about life in the U.S. of A. Upbeat and naive, Borat and his producer Azamat come to America to find out what makes America great. What he finds is a hodgepodge of gracious, bewildered, angry, and antiblack masses. The motion-picture show gives us a unique view of an outsider feel in on our society.Borats journey starts out in New York as he interviews various the great unwashed for his state television station and becomes a quest across the surface argona to be with his true love Pamela Anderson in California. As he crosses across the arena Borats travels are filled with screaming(prenominal) interviews and crazy antics. For my paper, I am going to examine a p articularized delineation in the film in which Borat makes a stop in Salem, Virginia for a rodeo during his quest to be with Pamela Anderson in California. I think this moving-picture show is unimpeachably angiotensin converting enzyme of the bidniest and politically incorrect scenes in the movie. The scene begins as the camera pans over a convention full of people who have the appearance _or_ semblance to be conservative WASPSs getting ready to discover the rodeo. Borat, as he wears an American sag down cowboy outfit, is conversing with Bobby Rowe, the general manager of the Imperial Rodeo. Rowe is singing Borat that he sayings like a terrorist Muslim and that he should shave his mustache so that he get out look like an Italian and non be so conspicuous. He tells Borat that he will never be accepted looking like a Muslim because everyone will look at him and wonder what kind of bomb he has strapped to him. Rowe continues to display his annoyance of the Middle East sa ying he cannot wait until the US wins the war and have all those damn son of the butts fall downin from the gallows and not until then will the American people accept Borats diversity. Rowe then begins to chew up about gays and tells Borat to digest away from them Borat develops to Rowe that they hang gays is his country and Rowe replies thats what we are trying to get do here and then he gives Borat a high five. afterwards his talk with Rowe, Borat is asked to sing the issue hymn to start off the rodeo. When he gets to the bosom of the arena, he begins speaking to the crowd regarding the war on terror. He began by saying, My name is Borat, I come from Kazakhstan. Can I say lowly we support your war of terror The crowd cheers and approves Borat as he praises American patriotism, he then goes on to say, May George render drink the job of every man, woman, and child in Iraq At this pull down, the crowd erupts in agreement. After his speech, Borat quickly tells the audie nce he is going to sing the Kazakhstan National hymn to the tune of Americas national anthem, The Star Spangled Banner. At first, the crowd is reverentially waiting to hear him sing, but as he begins to sing the Kazakhstan National Anthem the crowd begins to get in an uproar of disapproval. Because of the random lyrics in the song, the crowd did not know whether Borat was serious or joking by singing a song that was so degrading to the United States in their own country. The crowd was so shocked when they heard the lyrics, Kazakhstan is the greatest country in the world, that a horse carrying a cowgirl with an American careen fell down as the arena exploded in raspberry bushs.This scene contained many principles that make it jesting. To begin, the main purpose of this movie was to make fun the arrogance of our nation and prove that age America thinks it is the best country in the world, we are still fallible. Disparaging vagary was the probably one of the most prevalent types of humor used throughout the movie and curiously in this scene. Ferguson and Ford describe disparaging humor as remarks that are intended to elicit amusement through the denigration, derogation, or belittlement of a precondition audience (2008). What made this scene so funny was to see how antiblack and ignorant Bobby Rowe was as Borat roused him on during their conversation. The fact that roughone would say that we should hang all the gays, or that we want to kill all the people in Iraq is so outrageous that it is very funny to laugh at and see how ignorant some people actually are. This humor is successful because, Rowe had the shamelessness to clearly belittle Borat, the people of Kazakhstan, and the rest of the Middle East while he knew he was being filmed because it gave him a sense of superiority. Critchley supports this point as he states that, we laugh from feelings of superiority over other people (2002). The crowd of spectators in the rodeo arena overly displayed dis paraging humor when the crowd begins to cheer as Borat talks about killing all the people in Iraq including women and children and drinking their blood. Under the psychoanalytic theory, Ferguson and Ford article explain that It provides the humorist with a relatively benign means of expressing and satisfying unconscious, socially unacceptable impulses(2008). Borat was able to egg on the crowd and Rowe to say and applaud views that are a racist and unacceptable to our society.In addition, the Incongruity guess of humor was overly used throughout the scene. Critchley explains, Humor is produced by the aim of a felt incongruity between what we know or pay to be the case, and what actually happens in the joke, gag, or jest (2002). For example, one would not have expected to see Borat dressed as an American signalise themed cowboy or give an outrageous speech about George Bush drinking the blood of every Iraqi. Additionally, his pronunciation and word use also made it humorous. For example, Borat announces to the rodeo fans, we support your war of terror, instead of the typical wording, the war on terror. Also when Borat was announced to sing the United States National Anthem, it was unexpected and humorous that he randomly decides to instead sing the Kazakhstans National Anthem to the practice of medicine of the Star Spangled Banner.Finally the Relief Theory of humor also was prevalent in this scene. The scene starts out showing the rodeo crowd, cowboys, bulls and a cowgirl on a horse holding an American flag. As Borat is sings Kazakhstans National Anthem to the music of the Star Spangled Banner and the stunned crowd begins to boo in outrage to what they are hearing and the cowgirl holding the American flag suddenly just falls down. Critchley tells us that, laugh is explained as a release of pent-up energy where the energy that is released and discharged in laughter provides pleasure (2002). To make sure this movie was humorous to its witnessers, Sacha Coh en, the creator of Borat, made sure to present this movie to an American audience who shares the same punctuate of cultural symbols, norms, and expectations. This enabled moviegoers to relate to the outrageous antics that Borat does continuously throughout the movie.By exposing Americans to some of the reasons why other countries criticize or mock the United States, it in conclusion lets Americans realize their own ideological shortcomings. The movie also allows Americans to look at their culture from an outside foreigner perspective since Borats character was a mortal from a completely different country and culture. Cohen intentionally exposes Americas weaknesses as a political pass on to an American audience in hopes of influencing American society. By depicting how the United States has sense of superiority, Cohen does a superb job in showing how prevalent prejudice and racism is still alive in parts of the United States against other countries custom and cultures. This movie invites viewers to reconsider many issues regarding world politics by shedding light on popular controversial American ideology. By applying humor to serious subjects, it is easier for the viewer to digest. The movie accomplished its purpose by displaying how Americans are continually strict and racist towards other countries. By addressing these serious issues in a humorous way, the movie allows the viewer to digest more easily and remember the message that Cohen wanted to get across.In conclusion, I found this movie to be extremely funny. However, I can understand how some people whitethorn have been affected by Cohens sense of humor and found the movie to be insulting. Borat was my favorite movie to watch and analyze for this class. Having seen the movie when it first came to the theaters, and then watching it again for a class assignment definitely gave me a different prospective of the movie. I was able to see the movie with a more critical eye and appreciate the different st yles of humor that were utilized throughout the film.

Baku In Azerbaijan: Pollution Levels

capital of Azerbaijan In Azerbaijan Pollution LevelsImagine that you be paseo down the channel and see no liaison b arly st ones, ruins, fissures on the republic its dark and you compensate do not see what is happening near you be earn of fog and soot, you look for to get something attractive, you want to see b neglect ocean and white oceangulls e trulywhere it, save again, you see nothing but the cruel reality and the saddest thing is that you realize there is nowhere to run to escape this.. It is our do primary(prenominal) of a function this is what happened with the major(ip) planet as a result of military man action at rectitude. You wish you could desert not beca implement of yourself, but beca utilization of your children, you do not want them to grow up in such purlieu, you realize that theyll never see the things you saw green trees, blue skies, pure urine. They bequeath not to a lower placestand what the fresh nimbus fuddleds, they ordain hardly believ e in story close fish in the ocean, birds in the sky. But, maybe you will not as yet wish to vex known them what you saw, beca intake you be sure they will probably ask So what happened, why ein truththing turned to be so bad, who is guilty? And it will be touchy to explain them that these argon batch pay back destroyed their own lives.We in all argon living on one planet, Who will only it for our children, for saucily generation if we dont?Azerbaijan has the reputation of being an environmental disaster zone. Many scientists look Apsheron Peninsula, where 50% of Azerbaijanis live, to be the most bionomicly deva terra firmad ara in the world because of severe air, pissing and spetroleum defilement.The objective of this musical theme is to present a brief review related to the pollution in Azerbaijan, in peculiar(a) in capital of Azerbaijan and Sumgait cities, historical learning of cover colour color sector and geographic expedition of inunct and fellate de posits in the country and its influence on environmental federal agency, news report of urine, air and ground pollution in Azerbaijan.To achieve the proposed objective, the set-back chapter of the paper presents the country profile and crude sector development archives as rise as present production situation. The second chapter covers issues of business relationship of pollution in capital of Azerbaijan and the related factors contributed to that as industrial development, decades of wishing of sustainable environmental policy. Divided into subchapters it gives more than(prenominal) comprehensive detailed abbreviation of environmental concerns in Azerbaijan.At the end of this document, a brief decision about this topic is presented as rise up as the bibliographical cums employ to prep be the respective presentation and paper on the subject of history of environment.CHAPTER 1. COUNTRY PROFILE AND OIL HISTORYGeographical location of Azerbaijan.Azerbaijan is a lower mi ddle-income country with a gross national income per capita of $1,240 in 2005. filth of the state of Azerbaijan is 86,6 thousand squ atomic number 18 kilometres. Azerbaijan has common boundaries with Iran in the south on the perimeter 765 km, with Turkey 15 km, with Russia in the north 390 km, with Armenia in the western hemisphere coke7 km. The length of the coastal line is 713 km. Azerbaijanis situated in the eastern character of the South Caucasus on the Caspian ocean shore and covers an area of 86.6 thousand km2. big(p) of Azerbaijan is Baku city.General facts on the country.Population of the Republic of Azerbaijan 8 one million million and 593 thousand people (for 01.01.2007). The mount-composition of the existence comprises the following age-classes people of 0-14 age of age make up 26% of the population, 15-64 years-67%, 65 and above-for 7%. Young people of 18-34 years of age make up 29% of the population with the one-half of them living in big cities.Country Sta tistical Profile2006*Population, nitty-gritty (millions)8.48Population offset ( one-year %)1.10 spirit expectancy at birth, female (years)75.20 animation expectancy at birth, male (years)69.60GDP (current US$) (billions)19.85GDP growth (annual %)34.50GNI, Atlas regularity (current US$) (billions)15.64Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)8.30Foreign enjoin investiture, net inflows (% of GDP)-2.94 metre required to start a business ( daytimes)52.00Internet users (per 100 people)9.77 extension www.world.bank.orgAzerbaijan is rich in tapral resources, mainly embrocate color and natural gas but as well as in iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite. The country also has sylvan earthly concern and a strong-educated labour force with a satisfying entrepreneurial tradition. De s give noticedalise the countrys natural resources, poverty continues to pose a major challenge for Azerbaijan. In 2005 29% of the population lived in poverty and 8% in extreme poverty.Azerbaijan has had high scotch growth in 2006 and 2007 that was referable to large and outgrowth crude exports. The embrocate and gas sector contributes rough 1/3 of GDP, while agriculture contributes about 9%. The moving GDP growth of the outgoing five years with an average annual growth rate of 12% was led mainly by oil and gas production. cover production is expected to peak in 2011 and slouch thereafter in the absence of major new discoveries.Azerbaijan shares all the fusss of the motive Soviet republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but its considerable energy resources brighten its keen-sighted-term prospects. some(prenominal) early(a) obstacles slow down Azerbaijans economic progress the need for stepped up foreign enthronement in the non-energy sector, the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, permeant corruption, and elevated inflation. Trade with Russia and the new(prenominal)(a) former Soviet republics is declining, while clientele is building with Turkey and the nations of Europe. Long-term prospects will depend on world oil prices, the location of new oil and gas pipelines in the region, and Azerbaijans might to manage its energy wealth.1.3. History of anoint boom in Azerbaijan education on oil production in Azerbaijan was repeatedly mentioned in the manuscripts of scientists and inciteers in the Middle Ages and it was noted that such an uncommon product would generate a fundamental income.Arabian historian Masudi Abdul Huseyn (9th century) mentioned in his manuscripts that there were two main sources of Black oil and white oil (kerosene) on ApsheronMarco Polo (13-14th century) wrote in his travel notes that Apsheron peninsula was dotted with oil wells and the oil extracted used for lighting and for alter purposes.Engelbert Kaempfer (15th century) oil was transported via wineskins on four-wheeled carts to Shamakhi and Baku. From Shamakhi it is interpreted crossways country on camels . From Baku it is taken by sea to early(a) regionsTurkish traveler Ortakoy (17th century) The area around Baku has a burning ground. The ground is ardent from the burning open fire beneath it.Early views of Baku and first boring methodsEarly oil extraction methods were very primitive mainly eliminate dug wells drilled to very shallow depths (2-3 meters). Overall In 1813, 136 wells were drilled in Absheron which produced total volume of just now 64 barrels of oil per day. In 1825, oil was produced on the Absheron peninsular in all suborns of Baku. But it should be stressed out that more than of earlyish oil production was wasted in blowout gushers and this was a very uneconomical and environmentally harmful process. Workers were dying because of the gushers. The strong gushers were flooding the houses in the nearest villages. Oil from wells was lost for nothing because of oil gushers.In 1844 in Baku, more than a decade earlier than the oil well in Pennsylvania (USA, 1859), V . Semyonov, the Baku excavation engineer, drilled a well 21 m deep using primitive percussion method in the settlement of Bibi-Heybat near Baku. This is considered the showtime detail of industrial oil extraction in Azerbaijan and in the whole world. The first oil refinery was built in 1859 in Baku.In 1878 the first oil pipeline in the world was constructed between oil playing areas in Balakhany and the oil refinery in Baku. The length of pipeline was 12 km. 1896-1906 the construction of Baku-Batumi (atomic number 31) pipeline carrying 900 thousand piles of oil per year. The Nobel Br separates were major contributors to oil transport, who built the worlds first oil carrying steamship, named Zoroaster in 1878 and constructed the first rail tanks for transporting oil in 1883 from Baku to Astrakhan (Russia).By 1900, Azerbaijan was producing more than ten million tons of oil each(prenominal) year which was more than half of the worlds oil supply. Oil boom also influenced on the other sectors and Azerbaijan benefited from the expertise of well known chemists and geologists from the whole world such as the Russian chemist D. Mendeleyev, creator of the periodic table of chemical elements. As a result, innovative new techniques such as rotary oil production and gas lift were tested for the first time in Azerbaijan.The Nobel Brothers oil wells in Bakus suburbOil boom fall in had very negative affect as well, particularly on ecological situation in Azerbaijan oil wells in the vicinity of Baku were pumping oil into reservoir lakes. The ecological disaster started 100 years ago unflustered plagues the region.1.4. Current oil production in Azerbaijan.The oil and gas industries are the basis of the economy of Azerbaijan. Since World War II, the republic not tho fully proposed itself with oil and oil products but also supplied the majority of oil and oil products to other republics of the former Soviet Union. Azerbaijans sharp economic slump in the first half of the 1990s has reversed and the economy has been growing since 1996. After gaining independence in1992 Azerbaijan started to attract badly needed foreign investment into the country. The implementation of the 20 production-sharing arrangements Contracts (requiring $60 billion investment) that overhear been concluded so far is an integral part of Azerbaijans oil dodge. Azerbaijans oil production littleend with 1997, but has registered an increase both year since. Oil production under the first of the Contracts, with the Azerbaijan supranational Operating Company, began in November 1997. A consortium of westward oil companies began pumping 1 million barrels a day from a large shoreward field in early 2006, through a $4 billion pipeline it built from Baku to Turkeys port of Ceyhan. By 2010 revenues from this project will double the countrys current GDP. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline was officially opened in July 13, 2006 and now transports crude oil 1,760 km (1,094 miles ) from the Azer-Chiraq-Guneshli oil field (Baku suburb) in the Caspian ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. It is the second longest oil pipeline in the world (the longest being the Druzhba from Russia to central Europe).According to subject Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan Republic, the current oil production is the followingOil production934,700 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil using up160,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil exports795,600 bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil imports3,924 bbl/day (2004)Oil proved reserves7 billion bbl (17 April 2007 est.) first www.azstat.orgCHAPTER 2. environmental CONDITIONS2.1. History of pollution in Baku and SumgaitIn environmental terms, the long history of oil exploration (supplemented during the Soviet days by the petrochemical exertion) has left-hand(a) the country with a massive legacy of oil and other chemical pollution, both land-based and offshore. Environmental deterioration is widespread in Azerbaijan. The country faces legion(predicate) problems related t o air and water quality, land and biodiversity, lowering levels of the Caspian Sea, outdated and polluting industries, and oil field spills. The Government recognizes the need to address environmental problems to sustain economic development and a poverty reduction effort besides much remains to be done to improve the countrys environment, particularly in urban areas. ( Baku onshore oil fields. Oil workers work in 24hour shifts.) mavinting from Soviet time economic development of Azerbaijan is tough mainly in the coastal areas on the Absheron Peninsula, between the contaminated sections of Bakus districts and the industrial city of Sumgait. These cities were considered the most flaw cities in Soviet Union. Azerbaijan was producing oil not only for itself but also to the all Soviet union Republic and decades of lack of sustainable environmental policy and unsustainable oil production starting from Soviet time till now, left behind huge wastelands with stand up oil ponds and se verely contaminated soil. industrial development and mobile sources of fuel combustion have released high concentrations of heavy metals and other cyanogenic and unstable elements into air, land and water. As a result, urban areas, such as Baku and Sumgait, became classic examples of environmental hot spots.This pool on the edge of townsfolk is evidence of the oil pollution in Baku.The transition period (after feed of Soviet Union) economic output has declined dramatically and industrial and agricultural decline reduced air pollution, industrial water discharges and pollution from agrochemicals. But starting from 1996 the economy began to grow up in a rapid way. In common with other newly independent states, Azerbaijan is an urbanized society (urban population around 55% of the total). The Absheron Peninsula, with Baku and Sumgait, accounts for 50% of the countrys population and is a home office to more than 80 big, 370 medium-sized, and 2000 small industrial enterprises. The u psurge of foreign investment in the oil and gas sector since 1996 has save underlined the economic ascendance of the coastal area and the Absheron Peninsula in particular. Vehicles emissions significantly change magnitude over the defy decade (because of high economic growth) and became a leading source of ungoverned air-pollution. Baku-Ceyhan pipeline will also contribute to air pollution because of increased oil production and lack of attention to modernization of oil pains from environmental prudence perspective.Currently, Azerbaijan achievedRigs outside the Baku city spunk, near Ramanasignificant progress in updating its environmental legislation, build partnership with international agencies and organizations addressing environmental issues, work on capacity development, etc., but the accumulation of toxic industrial waste, waste metals, pesticides residues, and oil pollution represents substantial and unresolved environmental problems.Government of Azerbaijan with the support of international experts developed the field Environment achievement Plan identifying four priority categories for Azerbaijanpollution from industrial production oil exploration and production energy transport other sourcesCaspian SeaForestry, land an biodiversityInstitutional developmentAccording to Caspian Envoriment Program, the major polluting industrial sectors identified in the Caspian Region are the followingArea/CountryIndustrial SectorsSumgait/Azerbaijan post PlantsPetrochemical applicationInorganic Chemical IndustryOrganic Chemical IndustryBaku/AzerbaijanPower PlantsRefineriesOil Gas ExploitationMetal whole caboodleShipyardsHarboursAbsheron Peninsula/AzerbaijanBreweriesMeat ProcessingOil Gas ExploitationNorthern AzerbaijanBeverages harvest-home veg ProcessingSouthern AzerbaijanFish ProcessingFruit Vegetable processingSource http//www.caspianenvironment.org/new pose/index.htmFor more comprehensive understanding of the environmental concerns in Baku, I will proceed with more detailed analysis on water, air and ground pollution in the following sub-chapters.2.2. weewee Pollution.2.2.1. handiness of water resources.Azerbaijan has limited water resources- only 30% of river flow resources are make within the country Apsheron Peninsula is one of the least water resources per capita and per unit area. Azerbaijan is almost entirely depends on Kur-Araz river washstand originates in north-astern Turkey, passes through Georgia and flows into the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan. The water is used for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes, and for hydro violence generation and recreation. The problems in the basin are related to both quantity and quality of water. Water shortage is acute because rainfall declines sharply from west to east across the basin. Drought periods in the basin are very common.Other rivers formed from rain and snow start in mountains very often do not have permanent river beds. Undergrounds water resources make u p about 25% of the river flow and have potential for future use, but before long provide only 5% of water abstraction. Piped deglutition water reaches 50-95% of the urban population and to some estimates, practiced drunkenness water is available to slight tan 50% of urban residents.Baku and Sumgayit, and about 75 other cities receive centralized water supply. Norm of quotidian water consumption for Baku citizen is about 400-580 litres that is very high in comparison with other countries but the water is undrinkable (recommended to drink only after boiled) and provided in accordance with time schedule.Pollution of water resourcesWater quality is one of the major environmental concerns. place and underground water are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural run-off. Kur-Araz river basin is heavily polluted by neighbouring countries- Georgia and Armenia about 40,000 tons of nutrients released each year before crossing the Azerbaijan m antiqua ted. As an example, on the Azerbaijan side of the border with Georgia in 1992-1994, average annual concentrations of phenols and oil products exceeded existing water quality standards by about 14 and 3 times respectively. Surface water and groundwater are polluted from a) oil spillage, linkage from pipelines, storage tanks, resulting in contamination of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals b)pesticides from agriculture c)factory wastes dumped into rivers salinization of the water due to the Caspian sea water intrusion(raise of level of Caspian sea). Government estimates that 80% of country population uses water from Kur-Araz river basin for drinking purposes that does not meet Azerbaijanis drinking water standards even after water interference. usewater management and Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilitiesDuring the Soviet Union period, large volumes of effluents were discharged into receiving water bodies on the territory of Azerbaijan. twain domestic and industrial w astewater has been discharged into nearby reservoirs without proper treatment, if any. active Baku wastewater network, in operation for 100 years, does not have the capacity today for adequate and safe operations. Total wastewater collect in Baku is reported to be 1,3 -1,4 million m3/day. 30,000 m3/day of untreated municipal wastewater is discharged into the Caspian Sea. However only 50% of roll up wastewater undergoes treatment and more that 40% of the housing districts not connected. Thus, this work up should be 10 times higher. In addition, of more that 40 oil industrial companies operating in Baku and Sumgait, treatment facilities in only 7 are considered to be functioning reasonably well and, as a result, untreated wastewater form oil fields and other polluting industries is mixed with municipal wastewater.The following measures have bee taken by the administration to address the water pollution concernAdoption of Water jurisprudence 1998 honor on water supply and waste w ater 2000 effectuality on amelioration and irrigation 1996Law on environmental shelter -1999Gaps to be make headway addressed neglect of national water protection strategyintegration of river basin management cuddle rather that administrative units approachlack of institutional capacity of Ministry of ecology and subject area Resources and other state bodiesAir PollutionIndustrialization and urbanization over 30 the past 35 years have resulted in significant deterioration of ambient air quality in urban areas. Currently, the major pollution in Baku and Sumgait is from motor vehicles oil and gas industries chemical steel and power plants and small and medium-size enterprises. According to data, 96% of the atmospheric pollution emissions are strong in 5 main cities of Azerbaijan with the most of air emission in Baku.2.3.1. Sources and trends of air pollutionMobile sources. Currently, transport is considered to be the main source of air pollution, responsible for increase in N Ox, organic chemical, and CO emissions. Historically, the counterbalance of emissions from transport in Azerbaijan was 30-40%. Because of economic raise number of vehicles is steadily increasing, but the problem is increase in numbers of scurvyly maintained old vehicles using low-quality fuel. more than 90% of all vehicles are more than 5- years old (foreign models, mostly used cars), and the average age of vehicles is around 15 years.In addition, system of vehicles inspection for checking vehicles emissions (qualified staff, technical equipment lack of finance honor salary of inspectors) is very poor. Heavy commerce bad road conditions lack of bypasses in most cities also contribute to increased vehicle emissions. nonmoving Sources. Currently the primary source of atmospheric pollution fromStationary sources are the release of associated gases by power plants, burning of untreated garbage oil refineries, and factories in Sumgait. In Baku, emission of industrial pollutant unrel ated to oil industry is relatively small with exception of releases of chlorofluorides from air conditioners refrigeration industries and cement production.Source www.azstat.orgAir Pollution Trends in Air Quality. In general, the ambient air quality in Azerbaijan has improved in recent years as a consequence of the sharp decrease in air emissions from stationary sources. However, urban air pollution remains a matter of on-going concern. Air quality data in Azerbaijan is collected by the observe department of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. According to official data, the air pollution emissions peaked in 1991 2,1 million tons and is declining since that time (about 0,4 mln 0,2 mln tons) . In spite of lowered total emissions, air pollution is still perceived as critical. Annual air concentration level of soot in Baku is 3-5 times higher (depending on the source of information) that World Health judicature standards (60-90 g/m3). Current and projected economic grow ths will further cause unsustainable deterioration of urban air quality because of lack of monitoring and visualize equipmentAir Pollution Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilitiesThe following measures have bee taken by the government to address the air pollution concernLaw on Environmental protections 1999Law on Air Protection 2001National programmes on adjustment of standards form GOST to WHO international standardsLaw on Hydromethereological activity 1998 (hydrometehrological measurements and environmental monitoring).Ratification by Azerbaijan UN Framework crowd on humor change in 1995 and Kyoto Protocol to the Convention in 2000 and Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1996Gaps to be further addressedLack of institutional capacity of Ministry of Ecology and National Resources and other state bodies on adjustment to international standardsLack trained of staffbudget limitationspoo r monitoringsymbolic penalties for violators, poor engine roomLack of National Strategy addressing air pollution with concrete measures assign2.4. Ground Pollution self-colored Industrial and Hazardous WastesDuring the Soviet period mostly heavy and chemical industry, including gas and oil, ferrous, chemical, machinery, as well as food and light industries-produced high volumes of solid industrial and doubtful wastes. At present, oil production, chemical and mineral resources extraction and processing, power plants, and hospitals are the major generators of solid and hazardous wastes. Particularly acute is the problem of the management of waste accumulated over decades of environmentally unsustainable development, as well as of newly accumulated waste. Known hazardous waste disposal sites are overloaded and not adequately sealed. There are no monetary or institutional mechanisms to properly arrange for new sites. Solid pollution directly affects human heath via groundwater pollu tion, food contamination through vegetables and other crops grown in urban and per-urban areas.Soil pollution. As it was mentioned above, Azerbaijan signed an intellect with approximately 30 oil companies from 15 countries requiring that oil exploration and bore should be according to international environmental standards, that are not carry out in most cases and oil- selecting products are found both on legal and illegal dump sites with no protection. Unfortunately during soviet time, most of the industrial activities have focused in Sumgait and Baku that( view from top of the center of Baku to Bail) resulted that exactly that are become most polluted. Baku area- Apsheron Penninsula soil is known for having them most acute oil degradation with more that 10,000 hectares of land heavily contaminated. Copper, lead and zinc mines are the main sources of heavy-metal soil pollution. marque plants produce dust containing 15-30% zinc, 3-5% lead, 0,1% cadmium.1In some areas of Baku ave rage concentrations of zinc in soils are up to 50-60 times the acceptable levels. piano tuneractive waste. The issues of hot waste are related to oil drilling and processing operations. Radio nuclides of natural Radium and atomic number 90 that are present in rocks and gases are brought to the surface when water is pumped into the pipes to maintain steady flow. Thats why the radioactive contamination is focused near the oil fields. But there are also other sources of radioactive wastes research and medical institution concentrated mainly in capital Baku. Though there is the special insulate facility IZOTOP located 37 km from Baku for radioactive waste, statistical data for groundwater in Baku give the following figures Radium 226, Thorium 228.2Municipal waste. Obviously, population growths in Baku and urbanization have resulted in increased generation of municipal waste. Solid municipal waste contains up to 35% food waste 20-40% paper 3-5% wood 4-5% textile fabrics 4-5% candy breakage 1-2% metals and up to 10% polymeric satisfyings, though the share of paper and polymeric materials has been increasing.3In most European countries waste judicial separation and cycle in applied but in Azerbaijan no waste separation and recycling is used about 2% of waste burnt 1,5% processed, and the left are disposed at municipal waste landfills that are overloaded and do not meet minimum health and environmental requirements. absence seizure of environmentally controlled landfills leads toRisk of soil and groundwater contamination with heavy metals, toxicsRisk of spreading of products containing heavy metals and toxicsPlaces for stray dogs, insects, rats, spreading infectionsSmoke from burning wastes polluting the air2.4.2. Solid Waste Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilitiesThe following measures have bee taken by the government to address the solid waste issuesLaw on Industrial and Municipal waste in 1998Hazardous Waste Management histrionics es tablished in 2003National strategy on Hazardous Waste Management Agency (with WB support)Training programmes for national staff on radioactive waste management and computerized registry of radioactive materials by International Atomic Energy Agency upgrade of IZOTOP facilityDevelopment of criteria for rehabilitation of contaminated cites and national programme on rehabilitation of some oil-contaminated landsNational plan developed to address creation of new waste landfills sieve disposal, recycling of waste introduction of methods to generate biogas from municipal waste.Gaps to be further addressed Plans and strategies are in place but not in effect implemented because of beuroctratic procedures and lack of financing the sector.Water level and Coastline of the Caspian SeaCaspian Sea is unique closed water basin, plays the authorised role in the nerve of the modality in the region, and has rich stocks of rare lovelys of fishes, energy-carriers and large potential for developmen t of sea transport. Disturbing the ecological condition of Caspian sea, caused by its pollution by industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes, offshore and coastal production of oil and gas, transportation system company and other circumstances, have caused degradation its biodiversity, exhaust of fish resources, have increased fluctuations of the sea level, that has resulted to have fires of inhabited files and industrial infrastructures. The ecological problems of Caspian Sea can be divided into 3 types Chemical pollution by the running rivers Ecological problems, connected to the rise of the level of water offshore oil industry.The variation of the Caspian Sea water level is a stern specific problem for the country that brings to economic, ecological, and social challenges. During 1927-1977, the surface area of the sea decreased from 425,000 km2 to 370,000 km2, which led to increasing development of the coastal ( Sea side, walking area called Bakinskiy Bulvar)territories and the construction of coast-protecting dams, channels, and roads, based on forecasts of further decreases in sea level. A reversal began in 1978 and during 1978- 1995, Caspian sea level rose by 2.3 m to -26.5 m. The new rise has caused extreme erosion of coastal areas, end of construction and engineering facilities, and inundation of vast areas. Scientists predict a further increase in sea level of 1.5-2.5 m by 2010 however the Government is not taking action to mitigate the consequences of sea level variation. In this regard, the most severe environmental effects of the rise in the Caspian water level are associated with secondary pollution of the sea from oil fields and possibly some industrial plants, either through direct flooding or rise in groundwater levels.Health Effects of environmental conditionsNumbers of studies show the link between hazProtecting the Environment pull through Water, Save Our LifeProtecting the Environment Save Water, Save Our LifeThe world is getting thi rstier, today, nearly 1 billion people in the developing world do not have access to white-hot, safe drinking water. 97.5 percent of the earths water is saltwater and undrinkable, less than 1 percent of fresh water is usable, amounting to 0.01 percent of the earths total water. These astonishing statistics shock me that the clean water we drink each day is hard-won. Water is limited natural resources, also it is the most important thing to all living. If we do not conserve, recycle, and more efficiently use water, our environment would have serious ecological consequences, such as climate change. Water crisis had become the most pressing environment issue, terrible in some countries like Africa. It may not obviously affect Americans daily life, but it would be too late to designate about the solutions if the same problem coming to us.Polluted water would profane the ecological environment. For instance, recently, a Chinese mine spilt into the river, causing animals to die and m odify thelocal villages. Polluted water from a Chinese mine site in a Tibetan-populated area in western Chinas Sichuan province has spilt into a nearby river, killing large numbers of fish and livestock own by villagers, according to sources in the region (States News Service). In this news, mining activities are a lack of government regulation. The similar thing happened to Tibetan villagers in 2011, local people were legal to protest against environmental desolation and complaints to Chinese authorities yielded no results then, either. Chinese-operated mines not just pollute the drinking water also had caused severe damage to local forests and grasslands. We should perceive problem severity of water pollution in our global village.Moreover, the mismanagement mining or industrials not only issue in ecological environment damage but also waste an enormous amount of bills and time for clean up the unsafe water. We will see a doctor and take medicine when we get sick, generally mos t of the diseases are under our control in short time water is not alike human body, you might cannot see it from unsafe become clean drinking in your lifetime because water treatment takes over 100 years to recover the polluted water. Computer projections in the environmental encroachment statement say that either active or passive water treatment will be needed for 200 years for the mine site, and up to cholecalciferol years for the metallurgical site. The document says water treatment would cost between $3.5 and $6 million per year after the mine closes (Star Tribune). The reporter establishes that water treatment for mine and the metallurgical site will cost a lot of years and notes. What if no one wants to overleap money for the long-term water treatment? The answer is simple Finally, the victims will be animals, plants, and us.According to Maude Barlows article, millions of people live in countries that cannot provide clean water to their citizens, because they are burdene d by their debt to the global North. More children die each year of water-borne disease than war, HIV/AIDS and traffic accidents combined. At least 62 countries need deep debt relief if the daily deaths of thousands of children are to end ( orbiculate Issue 217). Barlow indicates that people in poor countries have not adequate water and exploit their resources to pay their debt. Barlow argues that water is common and public that everyone can access, no one owns it but it does not mean that we can waste water and wanton destruction the ecosystem. In my opinion, water does free to everybody, but actuality we pay for water fee for our family every month. I think this is one of the best ways to tell people to save water. However, we should help the poor countries which cannot provide clean water to people because of fiscal problem.Today, water is wasted through abuse, inefficiency, leakage, evaporation, and allocation of pure water to tasks that do not need it. The global water crisis getting worse by the day and threatening millions of more people every year, therefore, water protection strategies are needs urgently. In article Water of Life, Postel point out a question that why are the greater amounts of money and sophisticated engineering have not solved the worlds water problem? We have been trying to meet insatiable demands by continuously embroidering a finite water supply (Global Issue 225). Postel emphasises that human demand too much water which is limited and unable expand resources. Postel provided some suggest for protect, recycle, and how efficiently use water can contain peoples water demands and avoid or delay an ecological reckoning. tried-and-true measures as thrifty irrigation techniques, water-saving plumbing fixtures, native landscaping, and wastewater recycling can cost-effectively reduce the amount of water required to grow food, produce material goods and meet household needs (Global Issue 225). The author suggestions are convert because e ach example she lists are improvable base on the technology today. Another example of wasting water is every people doing every day, which is using pure water to flushing the toilet. I suggest people use dish water or the water after wash vegetables to flushing. This is kind of use up the water by the second time, better than use pure water.In my perspective, to dealing with the global water crisis, we must leave sufficient water in rivers and lakes for ensuring their ecological health. The priority project we should do that is put investment to develop the infrastructure which can turn rain and stormwater harvesting, recycling, alternative energy use. In addition, only the protective measures of water are not enough, so we should create a new law to say human behaviours in order to protect the environment. As Martin Luther King said, the law may not change the heart but it will ensnare the heartless. It is difficult or takes long-term to change human daily habits, but a law with punishments can at least restrict or let human perceive what is right and wrong.Wherever we are, we need water to survive. Not just because sixty percent of the human body is water, also fundamental for the production of food, clothing, and cars etc. Pollute water threatens our body and the next generation health problem. None of us can live on a dry planet, we are responsible for keeping the environment healthy, and make sure every person have clean and safe drinking water.Source CitationCHINESE MINE SPILL KILLS ANIMALS, POLLUTES WATER IN TIBETAN AREA. States News Service 18 Oct. 2013. General OneFile. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.Johnson, June. Global Issues, Local Arguments Readings for Writing. N.p. Pearson Education, n.d. Print.Iron Range mine could pollute water for 500 years StateAEs first copper-nickel mine would require billions of dollars in long-term cleanup, regulators say. Star Tribune Minneapolis, MN 5 Oct. 2013 1A. General OneFile. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.

Isolation And Observation Of Bacteria Using Pure Culture Methods Biology Essay

Isolation And Observation Of bacterium Using uncontaminated Culture Methods Biology EssayINTRODUCTIONBacteria argon put everywhere (Campbell Reece, 2005). They piss the ability to colonize almost alone habitats which gist they come in big varieties of forms. Understanding bacteriuml structure displace therefore make it possible to understand their functions and survival. For example, just by lavatoryvass the capsule story of bacterium, one nates get an idea of the pathogenicity of the bacteria. to a greater extentover they grow among diverse and fuse populations, where it is impossible to study a champion species of bacteria. Thus it is necessary that the pure conclusion of bacterial colonies be obtained for studying. unadulte vagabondd culture is defined as a mass or base of prison cellphones arising from the same recruit cell. Pure culture techniques, such as chevron scale leaf, pour rest home and stagger place, seize bacterial colonies from mixtures so that colonies comprising of the analogous organisms can be studied. Isolation of pure culture is vital for characterizing a single species of bacteria otherwise front end of contaminants can lead to faulty observations (Prescott et al., 2005)Then the dislocated bacterial colonies undergo pensiveness at 370C for 24 hours for all the terce cases, afterward which, a addiction can be selected and isolated once more to obtain pure cultures. Another step in the look into is to perform a contrastingial steeling mode cognize as guanine staining, which mainly differentiates the bacteria into two categories g substantiative and yard minus establish on their cell fence in structures (Campbell and Reece, 2005).The species of bacteria vex in the given broth culture were Escherichia Coli, staphylococcus Aureus and barn Cereus. The waitances of these bacteria known in theory state that Escherichia Coli atomic number 18 one thousand ostracise and rod-shaped group B Ce reus are yard confident(p) and rod-shaped while Staphylococcus Aureus are gravitational constant autocratic and coccus.So the experiment was carried turn out to hit if it was possible to obtain pure cultures from mixed broth by applying streamlet, spread and pour dwelling house techniques.AIMSThe main objectives of this experiment were to understand the purpose, principles and techniques of chiliad staining as well as the closing off of pure cultures. The experiment further aimed to compare the different isolation techniques, videlicet streak ordered series, spread plate and pour plate in call of producing pure cultures, and alike compare the morphological features of leash pillow slips of bacteria.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe procedure was carried out according to the instructions stated in the pages 32-36 of the Microbiology lab manual (MIC2011, menage Notes, 2011).RESULTS (combined with Morning Lab, Bench 1, Group A3)The entire experiment was carried out in three dif ferent sessions. academic session 1A broth culture, denominate as Culture 2, was provided and it was known to contain a mixture of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus genus Cereus. Sample from the broth culture was warmheartedness-fixed and then gram stain for observation under the light microscope. Three different types of bacteria were seen and their recognisable characteristics were matched with the three kinds of bacteria known to be set out in the mixture. hedge 1 Observation of Culture 2 (the broth culture) and characterisation of the types of bacteria seen under the microscopeSpeciesCellular MorphologyType of Bacteria universal gravitational constant brand skeletal systemArrangementType 1(Gram +ve) PurpleCoccus bunch togetherStaphylococcus aureusType 2(Gram -ve) Pink rod (shorter)Single/ pas de deuxEscherichia coliType 3(Gram +ve) PurpleRod (longer)ChainBacillus genus CereusAfter the presence of all three types of bacteria was confirmed, loopfuls fro m the broth culture were taken in order to prepare pure cultures using three isolation techniques streak plate, spread plate and pour plate. Once the three isolation plates were ready, they were incubated overnight at 37C for the next session.Session 2After overnight incubation at 37C, the colonies which organise on the streak, spread and pour plate were observe under the microscope to see the distri entirelyion and the sound structure of bacterial colonies. These isolation techniques helped determine which bacteria were obligated for the small town morphology. control panel 2 Distribution and observation of bacterial colonies present in streak plate, spread plate and pour plate, after one-day incubation at 37CAppearance of Bacterial ColoniesStreak musical scaleSpread PlatePour PlateDistributionPrimary inoculum and initial streaks were overlapping while the final streaks were distinct and separate imbrication and could not be severaliseOverlapping and could not be differe ntiatedDensityHighHigherHighestLocationFew ample colonies present on the fall out of the agar-agar-agar-agar-agarOverlapping colonies present on the surface of the agarDistributed on the agar surface as well as within the agar mediumOther FeaturesVarious features were noted among different colonies swarthy, guerrilla, dispassionate and flatWhite and opaqueSince distinct and well-isolated colonies were not base from the spread plate and pour plate techniques, selection of distinct and release colonies of all three types of bacteria were do from the streak plate and observed under the microscope.Table 3 Morphology of the bacterial coloniesAppearance resolution 1Colony 2Colony 3Shape nebCircularIrregularSizeSmallMediumLarge draw closeSmooth and glisteningSmooth and glisteningRough and dull heightFlatConvexRaisedColorPale yel beginning-bellied jaundicedWhiteEdgeUndulatingSmoothUndulatingOpacityOpaqueTransparentOpaqueIdentityStaphylococcus aureusEscherichia coliBacillus cer eusSession 3The isolated colonies were incubated overnight at 37C and inoculated onto new nutrient agar (NA) plates, after which pure plates of each type of bacteria were prepared and Gram stained followed by the observation of single colonies of bacteria under the microscope.Table 4 Observation of cellular and colonial morphologyType of BacteriaColony MorphologyCellular MorphologyGram StainShapeArrange-mentOther FeaturesStaphylococcus aureusSmallest in size gamin flat smooth surface and undulating edges pale yellow and opaque(Gram +ve) PurpleCoccus gatherPure culture was extracted. No contamination.Escherichia coliMedium in size circular convex smooth surface and edges yellow and transparent(Gram -ve) PinkRod (shorter)Single/PairPure culture was extracted. No contamination.Bacillus cereusLargest in size irregular raised rough surface and undulating edges snowy and opaque(Gram +ve) PurpleRod (longer)ChainPure culture was extracted. No contamination.DISCUSSION(1) As seen in the ta ble-4 of results, Bacillus cereus had the largest colony with irregular shape, raised elevation, rough and dull surface, undulating edges, opaque and white in colour. They are Gram positive and rod-shaped, which are arranged in chains.The moderate-sized colony was the Escherichia coli with a circular shape, convex elevation, smooth and glistening surface, smooth edges, transparent and yellow in colour. They are Gram negative and are seen under the microscope as short rod-shaped structures pull rounding in pairs or single cells.The smallest of all colonies belonged to the Staphylococcus aureus, with a circular shape, smooth and glistening surface, undulating edges, opaque in pale yellow in colour. They are Gram positive cocci arranged in grape-like clusters and they do not form spores (Mahon et al., 2007). The cellular morphology of bacteria was observed by Gram staining while the colony morphology was seen using streak plate technique. The morphology of each bacterium observed in the pure cultures matched with those in the trustworthy mixture, but the colony size in pure culture was much bigger than those in mixed culture. The probable actor for this is that fivefold bacterial colonies experience contestation for nutrients while colonies in pure culture had sufficient food and property. No contamination was found and individual bacterial colonies were separated on an agar surface.(2) Among the three techniques employ, streak plate is the most efficient way to enhance well-isolated colonies, or in other words, pure colonies. In streak plate technique, the microorganisms containing many viable cells, were directly plated. However, in order for the technique to reckon well, there must be large populations of the organism in the original mixture (Sumbali and Mehrotra, 2009). Otherwise, the final streaks result in less or no colonies because in the streak plate method, the bacterial suspension is diluted more and more as it proceeds from the primary inocu lums towards the latter streaks. Streak plate is a cost-effective and rapid-active method for separating bacteria in mixed cultures of lavishly density and can alike be repeated for achieving the desired purity. For these reasons, streak plate technique is widely used in laboratories (Pommerville, 2010). One damage of streak plate is that the risk of contamination is racyer(prenominal) since the plate is expose to air for several times (Sumbali and Mehrotra, 2009). For more diluted populations, spread plate and pour plate are considered since they are easy to locate colonies among low density of evenly distributed populations (Willey et al., 2011). Serial dilutions reduce the microbial population (Willey et al., 2011). For spread plate, 0.1 ml of the bacterial suspension was taken from 10-2 dilution and spread over the agar whereas for pour plate, 1 ml of the suspension was taken from the 10-2 dilution. Although spread plate can separate a bacterial colony and it is more uninsp ired than streak plate, it is not feasible for isolating colonies from a mixture because the method is time-consuming and the colonies are not easily differentiated. However streak plate can be used to count microbial populations (Prescott et al., 2005). Similarly, pour plates are also used for counting microbial populations. Although it has the least risk of contamination, the figure out is time-consuming and the colonies are hard to distinguish or count since the colonies also grow inside the agar, for which this technique is not used to isolated colonies from a mixture. Pour plate is used for isolating and counting anaerobic bacteria since these microbes cannot survive in atmospheric levels of oxygen and are therefore scarce found within the agar and not on the surface of the agar (Hogg, 2005).(3) Gelatin is colourless, brittle and translucent medium (Willey et al., 2011). In this experiment, agar was used as the culture medium. Agar is preferred over gelatin for qualification solid media because of several reasons. First of all, unlike gelatine, agar contains knotty polysaccharides that cannot be nutritionally digested or degraded by most microorganisms to form precipitates, since the incubation temperature of agar is about 20C, which is below the optimum temperature of most organisms and this enables the agar to remain solid when microorganisms are growing on it (Hogg, 2005). Secondly, agar sets securely and strongly, providing a stable culture medium (Willey et al., 2011). Moreover, agar has a wide range of pH from 5 to 8 and also solidifies below 40C, for which liquid agar can be poured over the temperature sensitive nutrients without detrimental them. Furthermore, the melting point of solid agar is above 100C and therefore can be used to culture thermophiles (Bauman, 2006). Finally, agar, being porous, can also show motility of the bacteria (Prescott et al., 2005).(4) Unlike bacterial colonies with weighed down growth, the well-separated colonie s do not have shortage of food or space, which prevents overcrowd and competition for resources and thus the bacterial growth rate is higher, for which they appear larger. harvest rate of bacterial cells in well-separated areas is further enhanced by the higher diffusion rate of the oxygen uptake by the cells and releasing of harmful metabolites out of the cell (Willey et al., 2011). On the other hand, bacteria in areas of high growth face competition for food and space for which their growth rate as well as survival rate is lower. This is probably the reason why Staphylococcus aureus, grew initially, but then stopped.In this experiment, once the bacteria were isolated, they were Gram stained and checked to ensure that no contamination had taken place and that each colony had single species of bacteria. (5a) An individual colony cleverness contain more than one type of bacterium due to contamination. green reasons for contamination are improper sterilization of inoculating loop or absence of unfertile techniques or sometimes even under sterilized environments. Contaminants are also present in the extracellular slime layer of bacteria and also in those bacteria which are joined in a network of chains. Another reason for not having the same type of bacterium in a colony, although very rare, is mutation and this results in the presence of multiple mutant strains of bacteria being present in a single colony (Pommerville, 2010). (5b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called binary fission where a parent cell divides into and posterior divisions take place. In this way, a colony can arise from multiple cells of same or different species of bacteria which are deposited together on a solid medium and this is how a colony whitethorn not always have the same parent cell. Even when bacteria exist in clusters, not necessarily are they from a single parent cell (Hogg, 2005).(6) Passing the dried smear through the Bunsen ardor is known as heat fixing. By do ing so, the microorganisms are killed and attached severely to the slide due to the coagulation of the proteins otherwise they would wipe off with the stains. light fixing also alters the structure of the microorganisms, preserving the general morphology, so that they become pervious to stains (Sumbali and Mehrotra, 2009).(7) A whole colony would result in a three-ply smear, which not only appear overlapping and crowded under the microscope, but also prevent the diffusion of the dyes across the cell, for which the alcohol would not be able to effectively decolorize the cells, causing majority of the cells to be stained regal. Also different types of bacterial cells have different staining methods which may get confusing. on that pointfore, it would get very difficult to identify individual cells.(8) There is no association between bacterial cell shape and reception to Gram stain. Gram staining depends on the thickheadedness of the bacterial cell wall which is composed of pe ptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan consists of abundant teichoic acid, a thin layer of periplasmic space and a peptide interbridge (Prescott et al., 2005). Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria come in various shapes. For instance, Staphylococcus aureus (coccus-shaped) and Bacillus cereus (rod-shaped) are both Gram positive.(9) The bacterial cell wall structure determines its Gram stain reaction. Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan which maintain rigidity and shape of the bacterial cell and also give protection from osmotic lyses (Prescott et al., 2005). However, in Gram positive bacteria, 90% of the cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, for which the cell walls in Gram positive bacteria is thicker than in Gram negative bacteria where the peptidoglycan content is only 5 to 20%. The decolourisation depends on the peptidoglycan content in the cell wall and therefore determines whether the cell result be Gram stained or not. Upon addition of alcohol, the pores of the thick peptidoglycan layers shrink in the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria, which results in dehydration of the layer and retaining of the stain, for which they appear purple under the microscope. As for Gram negative bacteria, the alcohol wash opens the pores of the peptidoglycan layer and the stain is not maintained in the peptidoglycan layer (Prescott et al., 2005).(10) The step which is very crucial in ascertain the outcome of Gram staining is the decolourisation with alcohol. The cell wall structure of Gram positive bacteria allows the crystal-violet iodine dye multifactorial (CV-I complex) to be hold within the thick peptidoglycan layer when alcohol is added. On the contrary, the cell wall structure of Gram negative bacteria allows the CV-I complex to be aloof from the peptidoglycan layer upon addition of alcohol. It is for the decolourization step that the Gram negative bacteria appear pink when counterstained with Safranin and Gram positive ones appear purple, otherwi se CV-I complex would be present in both types of bacteria and both would be seen purple under the microscope.(11) Nonetheless every step in Gram staining is necessary to obtain the correct result. If any of the locomote is eliminated, the results can change and are misleading. The table below shows the various outcomes when the steps in Gram staining are changed.Table 5 Results from altered steps in the Gram staining processABCDStaphylococcus aureus(Gram positive)PinkPink swarthiness purpleDark purpleEscherichia coli(Gram negative)PinkPinkDark purpleColourlessBacillus cereus(Gram positive)PinkPinkDark purpleDark purpleWhen crystal violet wash is eliminated in step A, none of the cells will get the purple colour and thus all cells are stained pink when wash with Fuchsin. In step B, when the iodine wash is eliminated, the CV-I complex does not form and the crystal violet molecules are not large enough to be retained in the peptidoglycan. Thus they are washed off with the water and alcohol, for which even the Gram positive cells appear pink. In step C, with the elimination of alcohol wash, decolourization is not done, for which all cells, including the Gram negative one where the CV-I complex masks the pink colour, are stained purple (Willey et al., 2011). When Fuchsin wash is eliminated in step D, no change is brought on the Gram positive cells, but the Gram negative cells appear colourless, the reason being that after washing off the crystal violet with alcohol, no counterstain is added to the Gram negative cells (Willey et al., 2011).A limitation in this experiment is not performing the Gram stain when the species of bacteria were identified on the streak plate and again streaked on the nutrient agar plates. The bacterial species were of taken based on their colony morphology. However a Gram stain could have confirmed if the colonies comprised of the expected bacteria or not.CONCLUSIONIt was mandatory that aseptic techniques be followed when experimenting with microorganisms. Compared to spread plate and pour plate techniques, streak plate was found to be the most efficient and also the easiest way to isolate bacterial colonies. Pure cultures of three types of bacteria that were obtained included Staphylococcus aureus (rod-shaped and Gram positive), Bacillus cereus (cocci-shaped and Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (rod-shaped and Gram negative). Other than that, importance of heat fixing and Gram staining was understood. Gram staining proved to be a very good method for observing the bacterial cellular features and hence, differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were clarified. It was also understood that reaction of a bacterial cell to the Gram stain is determined by the decolourization step.

Types of Alternative Dispute Resolutions

Types of Alternative Dispute ResolutionsIntroduction- This circumstancesheet is about the as disuniteed types of Alternative challenge resolutions (ADR), including receiptss and dis benefits for each of them.ADR is a method broadly apply for civil chemises to deal with legal conflicts and disputes that be concluded privately an early(a)(prenominal) than through breaking in the public courts.Binding is a stopping point of an agreement or promise involving an obligation that hind endnot be broken. For example, tribunals thrust a panel of independent people ( strain) who will contact a conclusion for them.Non- screening is where the conclusion of agreement or promise requires twain(prenominal) of the parties to arise to an agreement. For example, a verbal agreement is considered to be non- stick to because in that location is no legal force. You fundamentally dont withdraw to commit to any agreement, it is optional.Types of Alternative dispute resolutionsTribunals- usually depend upon as panel, 2 of which be specialised in the dispute that is acquire solved and 1 who us hearing the case and potentially is the judge. However, tribunals have limited power to impose fines and penalties or to award remuneration and cost. more than than that the parties agree on a non-binding decision- in other words the tribunals trick give their own opinion on how to resolve the case nevertheless they female genital organnot enforce twain of the parties on a legal settlement or a solution.This is similar to a court without the ritual or formality. They argon intricate in a number of specialist tribunal which leap out their name Employment Tribunals, Immigration Tribunals, and affable Security Tribunals etc. in that location atomic number 18 many types of tribunals but they whitethorn be classed as dickens main types administrative and domestic. Administrative individual v state e.g. Social Security Appeal Tribunal, Immigration Tribunal and Ment al Health round Tribunals. Note exceptions e.g. Employment tribunals and rent tribunalsDomestic Tribunals often set up by professional bodies to deal with in- dramaturgy- issues and apply rules within that body. E.g. Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal, GMC, FA, GTC etcAdvantages reckon disputes victimization tribunals is quite cheap and cost effective as mostly expertise who are specialised in a certain flying field in civil law reduces the condemnation requested and the cost of using a qualified judge.DisadvantagesEffectivenessTribunals embrace many valuable assets in aiding the justice system. They are cost effective as tribunals do not charge a fee, and each ships company patch ups their own expenses compared to the courts where the loser pays for the legal fees of the winning society. Another way that tribunals are cost effective is the fact that there is no pauperism for a specialized court house for cases to be heard. Tribunals are excessively less expense because me mbers sitting on tribunal panels are cheaper to employ compared to judges and there is no need for legal representation.MediationMediation is Mediation is an effective way of closure disputes without the need to go to court. It involves an independent third party a mediator who functions both sides come to an agreement. mention from (http//www.civilmediation.org/about-mediation/29/what-is-mediation-)The role of the mediator is to help parties reach a solution to their riddle and to arrive at a result that both parties are content to accept. Mediators avoids being biased, and are not well-fixed to one party when making judgements or giving guidance. They are basically responsible for developing effective communications and building compromise between the parties. The focus of a mediation meeting is to reach a common sense settlement agreeable to both parties in a case.AdvantagesIn Civil cases Mediation is quite simple and there are no complex rules therefore the case/dispute is solved expeditiously there is a 3rd party involved, but have no active role i.e. no decision making therefore there is no determination of accountability, solution personalised to parties needs. As Parties are paying(a) for mediation it encourages for them to settle to an agreement, because as they are paying for it they have more value for the ADR method they are using. This is also gives the parties are full participants and whoremonger express their own views and apprehensions, where in civil litigation the parties legal deterrent example much(prenominal)(prenominal) as lawyers- are the only ones who represent their party unless the party takes the stand and is subject to question by the opposite advocate.The first advantage is that mediation is less costly than civil litigation for many reasons around mediators who specialise for example in construction charge by the minute rates and the mediation usually is completed in a mis successful period of time between 1 to 2 d ays, this also saves time as litigation is more time-consuming. Preparation for mediation is far easier and simpler than is unavoidable to prepare for arbitrement or litigation, this is because there is not a troop of paperwork needed. lawyers are not necessary but may go in at the request of a party, this makes their case more favourable as the would be a chance that one of the party who had a legal phonation wins the case. However, If the parties choose to have a binding mediation, they will have a similar conclusiveness as binding arbitration offers. Which is without the formalities and costs associated with binding arbitration. In many cases, the mediation can be held at the home involved rather than needing to schedule a place/adaption to visit and if needed, a separate arbitration hearing at a neutral location or litigation that must be held at a court of jurisdiction. In most instances, the mediator is experienced in the issues that are in dispute and can assist the parti es in the macrocosm of their opinions and positions, ultimately making the parties settle for an agreement. Lastly, the parties should not face court file fees and its related expenses.DisadvantagesEven though there are normally no lawyers present at mediation, the agreement between the parties involved is legally binding in most judicial systems. Another disadvantage of mediation is that both party can withdraw from the legal proceeding at any time. Reference from (https//www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-mediation-adr-contract-law-essay.php) overall mediation is real successful, so there is a real less chance for the parties not to settle and have or so sort of agreement.EffectivenessMediation may be particularly useful when parties have a relationship they requisite to maintain. For instance, when family members, neighbours, or business partners have a dispute, mediation may be the ADR surgical procedure to use. Mediation is a lso effective when emotions are getting in the way of resolution. An effective mediator can hear the parties out and help them communicate with each other in an effective and non-destructive manner. However, Mediation may not be effective if one of the parties is unwilling to co-operate or compromise for an overall settlement. Mediation also may not be effective if one of the parties has a significant advantage in power over the other i.e. may have a solicitor supporting them with their case. Therefore, it may not be a exhaustively choice if the parties have a history of abuse or victimisation.Negotiation-is at the core of most Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). It has been defined as any form of direct or indirect communication where both of the parties come with an agreement. It involves inspecting the facts of a situation, showing both the common and opposing interests of the parties involved, and bargain to resolve as many issues as possible. negotiation is done by both of the parties having no third party involved both them alone. The prepare is to negotiate and settle their differences by the parties having to compromise for agreement whilst avoiding argument and dispute. book of facts https//www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/negotiation.htmlixzz4Y7yz37KfAdvantagesIt is completely confidential mostly for those people who are going to dispute a civil case and it is the quickest method because if both of the parties come to an agreement then the case doesnt have to go to the courts or need other types of ADR. Negation is much cheaper than taking the case to the court, meaning the parties wouldnt have to pay for lawyers or solicitors or the expenses of a 3rd party. Lastly it allows the parties flexibility in the terms of settlement such as negotiating money or compensation and potentially doesnt cost anything at all. However, no party is required to participate in a negotiation. The parties are free to accept or convulse the outcome of negotiations and can w ithdraw at any point during the process. also The parties are free to adopt whatever rules they choose, if any. Generally, they will agree on issues such as the subject matter, timing and location of negotiations. Further matters such as confidentiality, the number of negotiating sessions the parties commit to, and which documents may be used, can also be addressed.Reference from http//www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/dprs-sprd/res/drrg-mrrc/03.htmlDisadvantagesIf the parties cant resolve their problems on their own, their problem will continue unsettled and the parties must consider another process for resolution. This is a disadvantage because cost and expense would occur for both of the parties, and this is very un uncontaminating for people or group that are less fortunate to fun for other ADRs. another disadvantage is that, the parties themselves have to research laws and conk out their disputes amongst themselves by representing facts and evidence without legal representa tives or 3rd parties.EffectivenessIn my opinion negotiation is effective for very minor civil cases such as the tenant has not paid rent for 4 months. twain of the parties can negotiateArbitration -in such an instance the courts will defy to hear your claim until arbitration. In the process it may state how arbitration will proceed e.g. duration time, venue etc. arbitration s free but the arbitrator will charge fee. An arbitrator basically acts as a judge would if the case went to the court. The arbitrator will hear the dispute and gather evidence presented by the parties involved and will make a binding decision. The arbitrator essentially acts as a judge would if the case went to court. The arbitrator will hear arguments and evidence presented by the parties involved in the dispute and will make a binding decision to resolve the disagreement.AdvantagesArbitration, involves two parties in a dispute who agree to work with a disinterested third party in an attempt to resolve the dispute privately. Arbitration process is fairly quick. Once an arbitrator is selected, the case can be heard immediately.Disadvantages EffectivenessArbitration is best for cases where the parties neediness another person to decide the outcome of their dispute for them but would comparable to avoid the formality, time, and expense of a trial. It may also be allow for complex matters where the parties want a decision-maker who has training or experience that are specialist in the subject matter of the dispute. On the other hand, If parties want to retain control over how their dispute is resolved, arbitration, particularly binding arbitration, is not appropriate. In binding arbitration, the parties generally cannot appeal the arbitrators award, even if it is not support by the evidence or the law. Even in nonbinding arbitration, if a party requests a trial and does not receive a more favourable result at trial than in arbitration, there may be penaltiesConciliation Comparable to me diation because there is a third party involved. However, it plays a more active role, e.g. make suggestions on settlement and/ or suggestions on any compromises that should be made within the parties disputes. At some point during the conciliation, the conciliator will be asked by the parties to offer a non-binding settlement proposal. This means that the agreement isnt compulsory and can be denied by the parties if they wish not to settle.AdvantagesConciliation allows the parties to have flexibility as they can choose their own timing and language, place, structure and content of the conciliation proceedings whereas the court gives you their own place, timing and the structure of content for example- whatever the date of the hearings, the party would have to be present there and then. As a conciliator you do not need a professional land i.e. any qualifications. Both conciliation is analytical and make a fair judgement. However, the process for conciliation is not legally binding so both of the parties do not have to negotiate a settlement. On the other hand, if the parties where solving their disputes in the court, it would be a process that is legally binding so the judges will decide on the settlement and they both have to agree with it.DisadvantagesEffectiveness Conclusion

A Conservative Argument against Stem Cell Research Essay -- Stem Cell

A Conservative Argument against chemical group cubicle queryFor the past few years topic stall interrogation has been a widely debated topic however, former President Clinton?s place?allowing federal money to be spent on tightly controlled report turn cell research?lead to intense debates over federal patronage for infrastructure cell research. There be four ways of obtaining stem cells, which are taken from embryos that are approximately one week old. They are employ unwanted embryos from fertility clinics, embryos from aborted fetuses, cloned embryos, and embryos created for research purposes. Stem cells can in any case be taken out of adult bone marrow, but scientists do not think that adult stem cells hold as lots checkup checkup potential. Conservatives are against federal funding for stem cell research be have got they flavor that by doing such the government would be contributing to ?murder.? This thinking is grow in the religious beliefs, which in clude the belief that life begins at conception, held by orthodoxs. However, liberals support federal funding for the research of embryos because they question whether embryos are broad(a) human beings and believe the research could expedite potential medical breakthroughs.The pillar, ?Stem Cells and the logical system of the Nazis,? appeared in the September 3, 2000 issue of the Los Angeles Times. Even though the Los Angeles Times, a widely distributed newspaper, has a slightly liberal slant, this editorial displays a powerfully conservative view on stem cell research. Thus, the root of the editorial has to be very cautious in the tone that he uses in order not to offend liberal contributors. George Weigel, the author of this editorial, picks apart what he sees as the fallacious argument of Michael Kinsley, a well-known libe... ...vative which is back up by the fact that Weigel is a senior fellow at the ethical motive and familiar Policy Center. Since, he is writing t o an audience with a big digress of political viewpoints and he must be very on the lookout not to be too aggressive in the tone he uses. Weigel begins this bind with very basic logic and then progresses to logic by likeness with incorporated pathos. This is a very effective method for him with conservative readers because he is successfully able to transfer emotions slightly other subjects into emotions about stem cell research. He also uses logic by cause and effect, which in this case is designed to create terror in the reader fear that history will repeat itself. Source CitedWeigel, George. ?Stem Cells and the Logic of the Nazis.? Editorial. Los Angeles Times. (September 3, 2000) 5. Online. Lexis-Nexis faculty member Universe. A Conservative Argument against Stem Cell Research canvas -- Stem Cell A Conservative Argument against Stem Cell ResearchFor the past few years stem cell research has been a widely debated topic however, former Preside nt Clinton?s stance?allowing federal money to be spent on tightly controlled stem cell research?lead to intense debates over federal funding for stem cell research. There are four ways of obtaining stem cells, which are taken from embryos that are approximately one week old. They are using unwanted embryos from fertility clinics, embryos from aborted fetuses, cloned embryos, and embryos created for research purposes. Stem cells can also be taken out of adult bone marrow, but scientists do not think that adult stem cells hold as much medical potential. Conservatives are against federal funding for stem cell research because they feel that by doing such the government would be contributing to ?murder.? This idea is rooted in the religious beliefs, which include the belief that life begins at conception, held by conservatives. However, liberals support federal funding for the research of embryos because they question whether embryos are full human beings and believe the research could expedite potential medical breakthroughs.The editorial, ?Stem Cells and the Logic of the Nazis,? appeared in the September 3, 2000 issue of the Los Angeles Times. Even though the Los Angeles Times, a widely distributed newspaper, has a slightly liberal slant, this editorial displays a strongly conservative view on stem cell research. Thus, the author of the editorial has to be very cautious in the tone that he uses in order not to offend liberal readers. George Weigel, the author of this editorial, picks apart what he sees as the fallacious argument of Michael Kinsley, a well-known libe... ...vative which is supported by the fact that Weigel is a senior fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center. Since, he is writing to an audience with a vast range of political viewpoints and he must be very careful not to be too aggressive in the tone he uses. Weigel begins this article with very basic logic and then progresses to logic by analogy with incorporated pathos. This is a very effective method for him with conservative readers because he is successfully able to transfer emotions about other subjects into emotions about stem cell research. He also uses logic by cause and effect, which in this case is designed to create fear in the reader fear that history will repeat itself. Source CitedWeigel, George. ?Stem Cells and the Logic of the Nazis.? Editorial. Los Angeles Times. (September 3, 2000) 5. Online. Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe.

Comparing Themes in The Return of the Native and Great Expectations :: comparison compare contrast essays

Themes in The tax return of the ingrained and Great Expectations Classic novels usually share in the aspect of customary ascendents which touch people through out the ages. All types of audiences can touch to and understand these underlying ideas. Victorian novels such as Thomas Hardys The Return of the Native and Charles Dickens Great Expectations are examples of literary classics that have universal themes. Hardys fib illustrates the role of chance in his characters lives. Through the story we encounter events of unpolluted coincidence and their effects. Dickens, considered to be more of a reformer (Literature Online), tries to portray a social theme in his novel. The basic theme of Great Expectations is that practiced does not come from bingles social standing but rather comes from their home(a) value. These novels are considered classics because of their timeless themes. Thomas Hardys The Return of the Native displays a theme of chance. Book First, chapter 8 co ntains a perfect example. Eustacia persuades young Johnny Nunsuch into fate her feed a fire. She dismisses him and begins to walk home. Before reaching home, he is shake up by the light coming from the heath and returns to discover Wildeve meeting with Eustacia. By pure chance, Venn discovers the boy and quizzes him. Then I came down here, and I was afeard, and I went back but I didnt like to speak to her, because of the gentleman, and I came on here again Johnny Nunsuch A gentleman--ah What did she say to him, my man? Diggory Venn T experienced him she supposed he had not married the other woman because he liked his old sweetheart best and things like that Johnny Nunsuch Book First, chapter 8, pp. 82 This chance exchange reveals that Wildeve is meeting with Eustacia. Venn uses this to his invoke by announcing himself to Mrs. Yeobright as a petitioner for Thomasin. This backfires because Mrs. Yeobright tries to use the second suitor to force Wildeve to marry Thomasin . These events all occur from the chance meeting between Venn and Johnny Nunsuch. Another example of chance and coincidence can be seen in the famous gambling scene of Book Third, chapter VII. This is perhaps one of the most critically examined parts of the book. Very well, said Wildeve, rising.